dumnonia

Saturday, 26 September 2015

Quod ab Atlante

Solinus


CAII JULII SOLINI DE MIRABILIBUS MUNDI
CAPITULA XXIII – XXXIV
XXIII. Rursus ad continentem res Hispanienses vocant. terrarum plaga conparanda optimis, nulli posthabenda frugis et soli copia, sive vinearum proventus respicere sive arborarios velis. omni materia affluit, quaecumque aut pretio ambitiosa est aut usu necessaria. argentum vel aurum requiras, habet: ferrariis numquam defecit: non cedit vitibus, vincit olea. dividua est provinciis tribus, secundo Punico bello nostra facta. nihil in ea otiosum, nihil sterile: quicquid cuiuscumque modi negat messem, viget pabulis: etiam quae arida sunt, ab sterilitate rudentum materias nauticis subministrant. non coquunt ibi sales, sed effodiunt. depurgant in minium nitellas pulveris. fucant vellera, ut ad ruborem merum deputent cocci venenum.
In Lusitania promunturium est quod Artabrum alii, alii Olisiponense dicunt. hoc caelum terras maria distinguit: terris Hispaniae latus finit: caelum et maria hoc modo dividit, quod a circuitu eius incipiunt Oceanus Gallicus et frons septentrionalis, Oceano, Atlantico et occasu terminatis. ibi oppidum Olisipone Ulixi conditum: ibi Tagus flumen. Tagum ob harenas auriferas ceteris praetulerunt. in proximis Olisiponis equae lasciviunt mira fecunditate: nam aspiratae favoniis vento concipiunt et sitientes viros aurarum spiritu maritantur. Hiberus amnis toti Hispaniae nomen dedit, Baetis provinciae: uterque nobilis. Carthaginem apud Hiberos, quae mox colonia facta est, Poeni condiderunt, Tarraconem Scipiones: ideo caput est provinciae Tarraconensis.
Lusitanum litus floret gemma ceraunio plurimum, quod etiam Indicis praeferunt: huius ceraunii color est e pyropo: qualitas igni probatur: quem si sine detrimento sui perferat, adversum vim fulgurum creditur opitulari.
Cassiterides insulae spectant adversum Celtiberiae latus, plumbi fertiles: et tres Fortunatae, e quibus solum vocabulum signandum fuit. Ebusus quae a Dianio abest septingenta stadia, serpentem non habet: utpote cuius terra serpentes fuget. Colubraria quae Sucronem versus est feta est anguibus. Bocchoris regnum Baleares fuerunt, usque ad eversionem frugum cuniculis animalibus quondam copiosae. in capite Baeticae, ubi extremus est noti orbis terminus, insula continenti septingentis pedibus separatur, quam Tyrii a Rubro profecti mari Erythream, Poeni lingua sua Gadir id est saepem nominaverunt. in hac Geryonem aevum agitavisse plurimis monumentis probatur, tametsi quidam putent Herculem boves ex alia insula abduxisse, quae Lusitaniam contuetur.
Sed Gaditanum fretum, a Gadibus dictum, Atlanticos aestus in nostrum mare discidio inmittit orbis. nam Oceanus, quem Graii sic nominant de celeritate, ab occasu solis inrumpens laevo latere Europam radit, Africam dextero, scissisque Calpe et Abinna montibus quos dicunt columnas Herculis, inter Mauros funditur et Hispaniam: ac freto isti, cuius quindecim milia passuum efficit longitudo, latitudo vix septem, quodam ostio aperit limen interni aequoris, mixtus mediterraneis sinibus quos ad usque orientem propellit. horum qui Hispanias perfundit Hibericus fertur et Balearicus: qui Narbonensem provinciam Gallicus: mox Ligusticus: ab eo ad Siciliam Tuscus, quem Graeci Ionium vel Tyrrhenum, Itali inferum vocitant: a Sicilia Cretam usque Siculus: inde Creticus, qui in Pamphyliam et Aegyptum pertendit: quae aquarum moles torto in septentrionem prius latere, anfractibus magnis iuxta Graecias et Hillyricum per Hellespontum in angustias stringitur Propontidis: quae Propontis Europam Asiamque discriminans ad Maeotidem pervenit. causas nominum non uniformis dedit ratio. Asiaticum et Phoenicum a provinciis dictum: ab insulis Carpathium Aegaeum Icarium Balearicum Cypricum: a gentibus Ausonium Dalmaticum Ligusticum Tuscum – ab oppidis Hadriaticum Argolicum Corinthium Tyrium: a casibus hominum Myrteum vel Hellespontum: a memoria regis Ionium: a bovis transitu vel angustiis etiam meatibus boum perviis Bosporos: a moribus accolarum Euxinus, Axinus ante appellatus: ab ordine fluenti Propontis. Aegyptium pelagus Asiae datur, Gallicum Europae, Africum Libyae: his ut quaeque proxima sunt venerunt in partes partium. haec in gremiis terrarum. oras autem extimas Oceanus amplectitur, qui a litoribus suis Arabicus Persicus Indicus Eous Sericus Hyrcanus Caspius Scythicus Germanicus Gallicus Atlanticus Libycus Aegyptius dicitur. cuius accessus incrementa circa litora Indiae vehementissime proruunt, maximosque ibi exitus faciunt, sive quod suspensius sustollatur vi caloris, seu quod in ea parte orbis et fontium et fluminum copia sit effusior. dubitatur etiamnunc quibus ex causis intumescat vel quatenus, cum superfluus sibi fuerit, rursus in se residat. nec in obscuro est plura pro ingeniis disserentium potius quam pro veritatis fide expressa. sed omisso ancipiti concurrentium quaestionum, has opiniones probatissimas invenimus. physici aiunt mundum animal esse, eumque ex variis elementorum corporibus conglobatum moveri spiritu, regi mente: quae utraque diffusa per membra omnia aeternae molis vigorem exerceant. sicut ergo in corporibus nostris commercia sunt spiritalia, ita in profundis Oceani nares quasdam mundi constitutas, per quas emissi anhelitus vel reducti modo efflent maria, modo revocent. at hi qui siderum sequuntur disciplinam contendunt meatus istos commoveri lunae cursibus: adeo ut sic vicissitudines inter maciem aquarum et plenitudinem respiciant ad auctus eius vel eliquia. neque eodem semper tempore, sed prout illa aut mergatur aut surgat variant se alternantes recursus.
XXIV. De Hispania excursus in Libyam: nam Baelone progressos, quod Baeticae oppidum est, ultra interiacens fretum trium et triginta milium passuum Tingi excipit, Mauretaniae nunc colonia, sed cuius Antaeus primus auctor est. porro quod in illo ambitu Aegyptium finitur pelagus et Libycum incipit, placuit ut Africam Libyam diceremus. quidam tamen Libyam a Libya Epaphi filia, Africam autem ab Afro Libyis Hereulis filio potius dictam receperunt. Lix quoque colonia in eodem tractu constituta est, ubi Antaei regia, qui implicandis explicandisque nexibus humi melius sciens, velut genitus matre terra, ibidem Herculi victus est. nam de hortis Hesperidum et pervigili dracone, ne famae licentia vulneretur fides, ratio haec est. flexuoso meatu aestuarium e mari fertur adeo sinuosis lateribus tortuosum, ut visentibus procul lapsus angueos fracta vertigine mentiatur: itaque quod hortos appellavere circumdat: unde pomorum custodes interpretantes struxerunt iter ad mendacium fabulandi. sed haec insula, insinuata sinibus alvei recurrentis et in quibusdam aequoris spiris sita, praeter arbores oleastri similes et aram sacram Herculi aliud nihil praefert quod propaget vetustatis memoriam. verum ultra frutices aureos et metalla, frondentia illud magis mirum, quod solum inferiore licet libra depressum numquam accessu freti superlabitur, sed obstaculo naturalis repaguli in ipsis marginibus haeret unda et intimis orarum superciliis sponte fluctus ingrui resistuntur: spectanda nimirum ingenio loci planities manet sicca, quamvis prona aequora superveniant. Sala oppidum imminet Salae flumini. ab hoc per Autolorum gentem iter est in Atlanticas solitudines. Atlas mons e media harenarum consurgit vastitate et eductus in viciniam lunaris circuli ultra nubila caput condit: qua ad Oceanum extenditur, cui a se nomen dedit, manat fontibus, nemoribus inhorrescit, rupibus asperatur, squalet ieiunio, humo nuda nec herbida: qua Africam contra versus est, felix nascentibus sponte frugibus, arboribus proceris opacissimus, quarum odor gravis, comae cupressi similes vestiuntur lanugine sericis velleribus nihilo viliore. in eo latere et herba euphorbea copiosa, cuius sucus ad oculariam proficit claritatem nec mediocriter percellit vim venenorum. vertex semper nivalis. saltus eius quadrupedes ac serpentes fere et cum his elephanti occupaverunt. silet per diem universus nec sine horrore secretus est, lucet nocturnis ignibus, choris Aegipanum undique personatur: audiuntur et cantus tibiarum et tinnitus cymbalorum per oram maritimam. a Lixo abest quinque et ducentis milibus passuum, Lix a Gaditano freto centum duodecim milibus. habitatus ante, ut indicat loci facies quondam cultu exercita, in qua usque adhuc vitis et palmae extat vestigium. apex Perseo et Herculi pervius, ceteris inaccessus: ita fidem ararum inscriptio palam facit. qua spectat occasum, inter ipsum et flumen Anatim per quadringenta nonaginta sex milia passuum infames bestiis silvae obsident. amnes circa eum non tacendi, qui licet separentur intervallis amplioribus, transierunt tamen in quoddam Atlantici nominis ministerium: Asana marino haustu: Bambotum crocodilis et hippopotamis refertum: ultra adhuc amnis qui atro colore exit per intimas et exustas solitudines, quae torrente perpetuo et sole nimio plus quam ignito numquam ab aestu vindicantur. haec de Atlante, quem Mauri Addirim nominant, et Hannonis Punici libri et nostri annales prodiderunt, Iuba etiam Ptotemaei filius qui utriusque Mauretaniae regno potitus est. Suetonius quoque Paulinus summam huic cognitioni inposuit manum, qui ultra Atlantem primus et paene solus Romana signa circumtulit.
XXV. E provinciis Mauretaniis Tingitana, quae solstitiali plagae obvia est quaeque porrigitur ad internum mare, exurgit montibus septem, qui a similitudine fratres appellati freto imminent. hi montes elephantis frequentissimi [sunt] monent a principio hoc animantium genus dicere. igitur elephanti iuxta sensum humanum intellectus habent, memoria pollent, siderum servant disciplinam. luna nitescente gregatim amnes petunt, mox aspersi liquore solis exortum motibus quibus possunt salutant, deinde in saltus revertuntur. duo eorum genera sunt: nobiliores indicat magnitudo, minores nothos dicunt. candore dentium intellegitur iuventa: quorum alter semper in ministerio est, alteri parcitur ne hebetatus assiduo repercussu minus vigeat si fuerit dimicandum. cum venatu premuntur, pariter affligunt utrosque, ut damnato ebore non requirantur: hanc, enim sibi causam periculi inesse sentiunt. oberrant agminatim. natu maximus ducit agmen, aetate proximus cogit [sequentes]. flumen transituri minimos antemittunt, ne maiorum ingressu alveum atterant et profundum gurgitem depressis vadis faciant. venerem ante annos decem feminae, ante quinque mares nesciunt. biennio coeunt quinis nec amplius in anno diebus, non prius ad gregarium numerum reversuri quam vivis aquis abluantur. propter feminas numquam dimicant: nulla enim noverunt adulteria. inest illis clementiae bonum: quippe si per deserta vagabundum hominem forte viderint, ductus usque ad notas vias praebent: vel si confertis pecoribus occursitent, itinera sibi blanda et placida manu faciunt, ne quod obvium animal interimant conflictu fortuito. si quando pugnatur, non mediocrem habent curam sauciorum: nam fessos vulneratosque in medium receptant. cum captivitate venerint in manus hominum, mansuescunt hausto hordei suco. maria transmeaturi in naves non prius subeunt quam de reditu illis sacramentum luatur. Indicos elephantos Mauretani timent et quasi parvitatis suae conscii i aspernantur ab his videri. non annis decem, ut vulgus, sed biennio, ut Aristoteles definit, utero gravescunt, nec amplius quam semel gignunt, nec plures quam singulos. vivunt in annos trecentos. inpatientissimi frigoris. truncos edunt, lapides hauriunt, gratissimas in cibatu habent palmas. odorem muris vel maxime fugiunt: pabula etiam quae a musculis contacta sint recusant. si quis casu chamaeleontem devoraverit, vermem elephantis veneficum, oleastro sumpto pesti medetur. durissimum dorso tergus est, ventri mollius. setarum hirsutiae nullae. inter hos et dracones iugis discordia. denique insidiae hoc astu praeparantur: serpentes propter semitas delitescunt, per quas elephanti assuetis callibus evagantur: atque ita praetermissis prioribus postremos adoriuntur, ne qui antecesserunt queant opitulari. primumque pedes nodis inligant, ut laqueatis cruribus inpediant gradiendi facultatem: nam elephanti, nisi praeventi hac spirarum mora, vel arboribus se vel saxis applicant, ut pondere nitibundo attritos necent angues. dimicationis praecipua causa est, quod elephantis ut aiunt frigidior inest sanguis et ob id a draconibus avidissime torrente captantur aestu. quam ob rem numquam invadunt nisi potu gravatos, ut venis propensius inrigatis maiorem sumant de oppressis satietatem. nec aliud magis quam oculos petunt, quos solos expugnabiles sciunt, vel interiora aurium, quod is tantum locus defendi non potest promoscide. itaque cum ebiberint sanguinem, dum ruunt belvae, dracones obruuntur. sic utrimque fusus cruor terram imbuit fitque pigmentum quicquid soli tinxerit, quod cinnabari vocant. elephantos Italia anno urbis conditae quadringentesimo septuagesimo secundo in Lucanis primum bello Epirotico vidit, et boves Lucas inde dixit.
Caesariensi colonia Caesarea inest a divo Claudio deducta, Bocchi prius regia, postmodum Iubae indulgentia populi Romani dono data. inest et oppidum Siga quod habitatum Syphaci fuit. nec ab Icosio taciti recedamus: Hercule enim illa transeunte viginti qui a comitatu eius desciverant locum deligunt, iaciunt moenia: ac ne quis inposito a se nomine privatim gloriaretur, de condentium numero urbi nomen datum.
XXVI. Quod est a flumine Amsiga Numidiae datur. huius incolae quamdiu errarunt pabulationibus vagabundis, Nomades dicti sunt. urbes in ea plurimae nobilesque, sed Cirta eminet: dein Chullu purpurario fuco Tyriis velleribus comparata. omnis haec regio finibus in Zeugitanum limitem desinit. qua parte silvestris est feras educat, qua iugis ardua equos alit. eximio etiam marmore praedicatur.
Numidici ursi ceteris praestant rabie dumtaxat et villis profundioribus: nam genitura par est quoque loco genitis. eam protinus dixero. coeunt non itidem quo quadrupedes aliae, sed apti amplexibus mutuis velut humanis coniugationibus copulantur. desiderium veneris hiems suscitat. secreti honore reverentur mares gravidas et in iisdem licet foveis, partitis tamen per scrobes secubationibus dividuntur. lucinae illis properatius tempus est: quippe uterum trigesimus dies liberat. unde evenit, ut praecipitata fecunditas informes creet partus: carnes pauxillulas edunt, quibus color candidus, oculi nulli et de festina inmaturitate tantum rudis sanies, exceptis unguium lineamentis. has lambendo sensim figurant et interdum adpectoratas fovent, ut assiduo incubitu calefactae animalem trahant spiritum. interea cibus nullus. sane diebus primis quattuordecim matres in somnum ita concidunt, ut nec vulneribus excitari queant. enixae quaternis latent mensibus: mox egressae in diem liberum tantam patiuntur insolentiam lucis, ut putes obsitas caecitate. invalidum ursis caput, vis maxima in brachiis et in lumbis: unde interdum posticis pedibus insistunt. insidiantur alvearibus apium, maxime favos appetunt, nec avidius aliud quam mella captant. cum gustavere mandragorae mala, moriuntur: sed eunt obviam, ne malum in perniciem convalescat et formicas vorant ad recuperandam sanitatem. si quando tauros adoriuntur, sciunt quibus potissimum partibus immorentur nec aliud quam cornua aut nares petunt: cornua ut pondere defatigentur, nares ut acrior dotor sit in loco teneriore. M. Messalla consule L. Domitius Ahenobarbus curulis aedilis ursos Numidicos centum et totidem Aethiopas venatores in circo Romano edidit: idque spectaculum inter memorabiles titulos adnotatur.
XXVII. Omnis Africa a Zeugitano pede incipit, promunturio Apollinis Sardiniae contraversa, promunturio Mercurii procedens in frontem Sicanam: proinde extenta in duas prominentias, quarum altera promunturium Candidum dicitur, alteram quae est in Cyrenaica regione Phycuntem vocant: ea per sinum Creticum opposita Cretae insulae contra Taenarum Laconicae excurrit. harenis Catabathmi Aegypto insinuata, cui proximi Cyrenenses, extenditur inter duas Syrtes, quas inaccessas vadosum ac reciprocum mare efficit. cuius sali defectus vel incrementa haud promptum est deprehendere, ita incertis motibus nunc in brevia residit dorsuosa, nunc inundatur aestibus inquietis, ut auctor est Varro, perflabilem ibi terram ventis penetrantibus subitam vim spiritus citissime aut revomere maria aut resorbere. omnis haec plaga ab Aethiopia et terminis Asiae Nigri flumine qui Nilum parit, ab Hispania freto scinditur: latere quod ad meridiem vergit fontium inops est et infamis siti: altrinsecus qua septemtrionem patitur aquario larga: in agro Byzaceno, qui patet passuum milibus ducentis vel amplius, glebis ita praepinguis, ut iacta ibi semina cum incremento centesimae frugis renascantur.
Externos in ea plurimos conventasse argumentum de urbibus et locis dabimus. Borion promunturium quod aquilone caeditur Graeci advenae sic vocaverunt. Hipponem Regium postea dictum, item Hipponem alterum de interfluenti freto Diarrhyton nuncupatum, nobilissima oppida, equites Graeci condiderunt. Clypeam civitatem Siculi extruunt et Aspida primum nominant, Veneriam etiam in quam Veneris Erycinae religiones transtulerunt. Achaei Tripolim lingua sua signant de urbium trium numero, id est Ocae, Sabratae, Leptis magnae. Philaenis fratribus a laudis cupidine Graium vocamen datum.
Hadrumeto atque Carthagini auctor est a Tyro populus: sed quae super Carthagine veraces libri prodiderunt hoc loco reddam. urbem istam, ut Cato in oratione senatoria autumat, cum rex Iapon rerum in Libya potiretur, Elissa mulier extruxit domo Phoenix et Carthadam dixit, quod Phoenicum ore exprimit civitatem novam. mox sermone verso in morem Punicum, et haec Elisa et illa Carthago dicta est: quae post annos DCLXXVII exciditur quam fuerat constituta. deinde a C. Graccho colonis Italicis data et Iunonia ab eo dicta, aliquantisper humilis et languido statu: demum in claritatem secundae Carthaginis, interiectis centum et duobus annis, M. Antonio P. Dolabella cos. enituit, alterum post urbem Romam terrarum decus.
Verum ut ad Africam redeam, interna eius plurimae quidem bestiae, sed principaliter leones tenent. quorum trifariam genus scinditur: nam breviores et iubis crispi plerumque ignavi sunt et inbelles: longiores et coma simplici acres magis: at hi quos creant pardi in plebe remanent iubarum inopes. pariter omnes parcunt a sagina, primum quod alternis diebus potum, alternis cibum capiunt ac frequenter, si digestio non est insecuta, solitae cibationi superponunt diem: tum quod carnes iusto amplius devoratas cum gravantur, insertis in ora unguibus sponte protrahunt. sane et cum fugiendum est in satietate, idem faciunt. senectam defectio probat dentium. nam clementiae indicia multa sunt: prostratis parcunt: in viros potius quam in feminas saeviunt: infantes nonnisi in magna fame perimunt. nec a misericordia separantur: assiduis denique exemptis patet eos pepercisse, cum multi captivorum aliquot leonibus obvii intacti repatriaverint: Gaetulae etiam mulieris nomen Iubae libris conprehensum est, quae obtestata occursantes feras inmunis rediit. aversi coeunt: nec hi tantum, sed et lynces et cameli et elephanti et rhinocerotes et tigrides. leaenae fetu primo catulos quinque edunt, deinde per singulos numerum decoquunt annis insequentibus et postremo cum ad unum materna fecunditas recidit, sterilescunt in aeternum. animos leonum frons et cauda indicant, sicut motus equini de auribus intelleguntur: dedit enim has notas generosissimo cuique natura. vis summa in pectore est, firmitas in capite praecipua. cum premuntur a canibus, contemptim recedunt subsistentesque interdum ancipiti recessu dissimulant timorem: idque agunt si in campis nudis ac patentibus urgeantur, nam silvestribus locis, quasi testem ignaviae non reformident, quanta possunt se fuga subtrahunt. cum insequuntur, nisum saltu adiuvant: cum fugiunt, non valent satire. Ilgradientes mucrones unguium vaginis corporum claudunt, ne acumina adtritu retundantur. hoc adeo custodiunt, ut nonnisi aversis falculis currant. saepti a venantibus obtutu terram contuentur, quo minus conspectis venabulis terreantur. numquam limo vident minimeque se volunt aspici. cantus gallinaceorum et rotarum timent strepitus, sed ignes magis. leontophonos vocari accipimus bestias modicas, quae captae exuruntur, ut earum cineris aspergine carnes pollutae iactaeque per conpita concurrentium semitarum leones necent, si quantulumcumque ex illis sumpserint. propterea leones naturali eas premunt odio atque ubi facultas data est, morsu quidem abstinent, sed dilancinatas exanimant pedum nisibus. spectaculum ex his primus Romae edidit Scaevola Publii filius in curuli aedilitate.
Hyaenam quoque mittit Africa, cui cum spina riget collum continua unitate flectique non quit nisi toto corporis circumactu. multa de ea mira: primum quod sequitur stabula pastorum et auditu assiduo addiscit vocamen quod exprimere possit imitatione vocis humanae, ut in hominem astu accitum nocte saeviat. vomitus quoque humanos mentitur falsisque singultibus sollicitatos sic canes devorat: qui forte si venantes umbram eius dum sequuntur contigerint, latrare nequeunt voce perdita. eadem hyaena inquisitione corporum sepultorum busta eruit. praeterea pronius est marem capere: feminis enim ingenita est callidior astutia. varietas multiplex inest oculis colorumque mutatio. in quorum pupulis lapis invenitur, hyaeniam dicunt, praeditum illa potestate ut cuius hominis linguae fuerit subditus, praedicat futura. verum hyaena quodcumque animal ter lustraverit movere se non potest: quapropter magicam scientiam inesse ei pronuntiaverunt. in Aethiopiae parte coit cum leaena, unde nascitur monstrum, cui corocottae nomen est. voces hominum et ipsa pariter adfectat. numquam cohibet aciem orbium, sed in obtutum sine nictatione contendit. in ore gingiva nulla, dens unus atque perpetuus, qui ut numquam retundatur, naturaliter capsularum modo clauditur.
Inter ea quae dicunt herbatica eadem Africa onagros habet, in quo genere singuli inperitant gregibus feminarum. aemulos libidinis metuunt. inde est quod gravidas suas servant, ut in editis maribus, si qua facultas fuerit, generandi spem morsu detruncent, quod caventes feminae in secessibus partus occulunt.
Africa serpentibus adeo fecunda est, ut mali huius merito illi potissimum palma detur. cerastae praeferunt quadrigemina cornicula, quorum ostentatione veluti esca inlice sollicitatas aves perimunt. nam reliqua corporis de industria harenis tegunt nec ullum indicium sui praebent, nisi ex ea parte qua invitatis dolo pastibus necem praepetum aucupentur. amphisbaena consurgit in caput geminum, quorum alterum loco suo est, alterum in ea parte qua canda: quae causa efficit ut capite utrimque secus nitibundo serpat tractibus circulatis. iaculi arbores subeunt, e quibus vi maxima turbinati penetrant animal quodcumque obvium fortuna, fecerit. scytale tanta praefulget tergi varietate, ut notarum gratia videntes retardet et quoniam reptando pigrior est, quos adsequi nequit, miraculo sui capiat stupentes. in hoc tamen squamarum nitore hiemales exuvias prima ponit. plures diversaeque aspidum species, verum dispares effectus ad nocendum: dipsas siti interficit: hypnale quod somno necat, teste etiam Cleopatra emitur ad mortem. aliarum virus quoniam medellas admittit, minus famae meretur. haemorrhois morsu sanguinem elicit et dissolutis venarum commerciis quicquid animae est evocat per cruorem. prester quem percussit distenditur enormique corpulentia necatur extuberatus. ictus sepium putredo sequitur. sunt et ammodytae, est et cenchris, elephantiae, chersydri, chamaedracontes. postremo quantus nominum tantus mortium numerus. nam scorpiones scinci lacertaeque vermibus non serpentibus adscribuntur. monstra haec si sibilant, clementius feriunt. habent adfectus: non temere nisi coniuges evagantur: capto altero vel occiso uter superfuerit efferatur. subtiliora sunt capita feminis, alvi tumidiores, pestis nocentior. masculus aequaliter teres est, sublimior etiam mitiorque. igitur anguibus universis hebes visus est. raro in adversum contuentur, nec frustra, cum oculos non in fronte habeant sed in temporibus, adeo ut citius audiant quam aspiciant.
De gemma heliotropio inter Aethiopiam Africam Cyprum certamen fuit, quaenam mitteret generis huius eminentissimam: deprehensumque est documentis plurimis Aethiopicam aut Libycam palmam tenere. viridi colore est non ita acuto, sed nubilo magis et represso, stellis puniceis superspersa. causa nominis de effectu lapidis est et potestate: deiecta in labris aheneis radios solis mutat sanguineo repercussu extraque aquam splendorem eius abicit et avertit. etiam illud posse dicitur, ut herbae eiusdem quo est nominis mixta et praecantationibus legitimis consecrata eum a quocunque gestabitur subtrahat visibus obviorum.
Inter Syrtes quamvis terra pergentibus iter sideribus destinatur nec aliter cursus patescit: nam putris soli faciem aura mutat et minimo licet vento tantam diversitatem flatus efficit, ut subinde perversis sitibus locorum nulla indicia agnitioni relinquantur, cum modo quae fuerant tumulis ardua in valles residunt, modo quae vallibus pressa coitu pulveris aggerantur. ita etiam continens naturam maris sui patitur: nec interest ubi potius sint procellae, cum ad exitium viantium elementis congruentibus in terris flabra saeviant, in mari terrae. utraeque Syrtes CCL milibus passuum separantur. aliquanto clementior quae minor est. Cn. denique Servilio C. Sempronio cos. inter haec vadosa classem Romanam inpune accipimus perfretasse. in hoc sinu Mene insula post Minturnenses paludes C. Mario fuit latebra.
Supra Garamantas Psylli fuerunt, contra noxium virus muniti incredibili corporis firmitate. soli morsibus anguium non interibant et quamvis dente letali appetiti incorrupta durabant sanitate. recens etiam editos serpentibus offerebant: si essent partus adulteri, matrum crimina plectebantur interitu parvulorum: si pudici, probos ortus a morte paterni sanguinis privilegium tuebatur: sic originis fidem probabant venenis iudicantibus. sed haec gens interivit a Nassamonibus capta nec quicquam aliud praeter opinionem de vestigio nominis sui Psylli reliquerunt. nassamonitem lapidem Nassamones dant, sanguineum universum, nigris venulis adumbratum. in intimo recessu Syrtis maioris circa Philaenorum aras Lotophagos fuisse discimus, nec incertum est. a Philaenorum aris non procul palus est quam Triton amnis influit, ubi speculatam se artium deam crediderunt.
Maior Syrtis ostentat oppidum, Cyrenas vocant, quod Battius Lacedaemonius olympiade quinta et quadragesima, rege Marcio res Romanas tenente, anno post Troiam captam quingentesimo octogesimo sexto condidit: quae domus Callimacho poetae fuit patria. inter hoc oppidum et templum Hammonis milia passuum CCCC sunt. templo fons proximat Soli sacer, qui humoris nexibus humum stringit, fauillam etiam in caespitem solidat. in qua gleba non sine miraculo lucus emicat, undique secus agris arentibus. illic et lapis legitur, Hammonis vocant cornum: nam ita tortuosus est et inflexus, ut effigiem reddat cornus arietini: fulgore aureo est: praedivina somnia repraesentare dicitur subiectus capiti incubantium. et arbor est melopos nomine, ex qua profluit lentus humor, quem a loco hammoniacum nominamus.
Apud Cyrenenses praeterea sirpe gignitur odoratis radicibus, virgulto herbido magis quam arbusto: cuius e culmo exudat aestatis tempore pingue roscidum idque pascentium hircorum inhaeret barbulis: ubi cum arefactum inolevit guttis stiriacis, legitur ad usum mensarum vel medellae magis. dictum est primum lac sirpicum, quoniam manat in modum lacteum: deinde usu derivante laser nominatum. quae germina initio barbaricae inpressionis vastatis agris, postea ob intolerandam vectigalis nimietatem ferme penitus ipsi accolae eruerunt.
Cyrenis ab laeva Africa est et a dextra Aegyptus, a fronte saevum et inportuosum mare, a tergo barbarorum variae nationes et solitudo inaccessa, quae basiliscum creat, malum in terris singulare. serpens est paene ad semipedem longitudinis, alba quasi mitrula lineatus caput, nec hominis tantum vel aliorum animantium exitiis datus, sed terrae quoque ipsius, quam polluit et exurit ubicumque ferale sortitur receptaculum. denique extinguit herbas, necat arbores, ipsas etiam corrumpit auras, ita ut in aere nulla alitum inpune transvolet infectum spiritu pestilenti. cum movetur, media corporis parte serpit, media arduus est et excelsus. sibilum eius etiam serpentes perhorrescunt et cum acceperint, fugam quaeque quoquo potest properant. quicquid morsu eius occiderit non depascitur fera, non attrectat ales. mustelis tamen vincitur, quas illic homines inferciunt cavernis in quibus delitescit. vis tamen nec defuncto quidem deest. denique basilisci reliquias amplo sestertio Pergameni conparaverunt, ut aedem Apellis manu insignem nec araneae intexerent nec alites involarent.
Circa extimum Syrtium cornum Bernicen civitatem adluit Lethon amnis, inferna ut putant exundatione prorumpens et apud pristinos vates latice memoratus oblivionis. hanc Berenice munivit quae Ptolemaeo tertio fuit nupta et in maiori Syrti locavit.
Omne autem latifundium quod inter Aegyptum Aethiopiam Libyamque diffunditur, quacumque lucis opacum est, varium implevit simiarum genus. nec quisquam offensus nomine cognitionem gravetur. enimvero operae pretium est nihil omittere in quo naturae spectanda sit providentia. plebes simiarum in his est quas passim videmus non sine ingenio aemulandi, quo facilius in manus veniunt: nam dum avide venantium gestus adfectant, relicta consulto visci unguilla, quod mendacio factum vident, oculos suos oblinunt: ita visu obducto pronum est eas corripi. exultant nova luna, tristes sunt cornuto et cavo sidere. inmoderate fetus amant, adeo ut catulos facilius amittant, quos impendio diligunt et ante se gestant, quoniam neglecti pone matrem semper haerent. cercopitheci caudas habent: haec sola discretio est inter prius dictas. cynocephali et ipsi sunt e numero simiarum, in Aethiopiae partibus frequentissimi, violenti ad saltum, feri morsu, numquam ita mansueti, ut non sint magis rabidi. inter simias habentur et sphinges, villosae comis, mammis prominulis ac profundis, dociles ad feritatis oblivionem. sunt et quas vocant satyros, facie admodum grata, gesticulatis motibus inquietae. callitriches toto paene aspectu a ceteris differunt: in facie barba est, lata cauda. has capere non est arduum, sed proferre rarum: neque enim vivunt in altero quam in Aethiopico, hoc est suo caelo.
XXVIII. Inter Nassamonas et Trogodytas gens Amantum est quae salibus domus extruunt: quos in modum cautium e montibus excitatos ad usum aedium caementiciis nectunt struicibus. tanta ibi huiusce venae copia est, ut tecta faciant e salinis. isti sunt Amantes, qui commercium cum Trogodytis habent carbunculi gemmae. citra Amantas propiores Nassamonibus Asbytae lasere vivunt. hoc aluntur, hoc illis edule est.
XXIX. Garamantum oppidum est Debris fonte miro: quidni? qui alternis vicibus die frigeat, nocte ferveat, ac per eadem venarum commercia interdum ignito vapore inaestuet, interdum glaciali algore inhorrescat. incredibile memoratu, ut tam brevi curriculo natura tam dissonam faciat varietatem idque qui percontari velit tenebris, inesse fluori illi aeternam facem credat: qui rimetur die, brumales scatebras numquam aliud aestimet quam perpetuo rigere. unde non inmerito per gentes Debris inclita est, cuius aquae caelesti vertigine mutant qualitatem, quamvis contraversa siderum disciplina: nam cum mundum a calore vesper temperet, ab occasu incipit ita incalescere, ut ni tactu abstineas, noxium sit contigisse, rursum cum ortu solis incanduerunt et radiis fervefacta sunt universa, sic hiemales evomit scaturrigines, ut hauriri etiam a sitientibus non queat. quis ergo non stupeat fontem qui friget calore, calet frigore?
Garamanticae regionis caput Garama est, ad quam iter diu inextricabile fuit et invium: nam latrones puteos harenis operiebant, ut temporaria fraude subductis aquis iter infame siti submoveret accessus viantium. sed Vespasiano principe bello, quod cum Oeensibus gestum est, difficultas haec dissoluta est, conpendio spatii brevioris reperto. Garamantas Cornelius Balbus subegit et primus ex hac victoria triumphavit: primus sane de externis utpote Gadibus genitus accessit ad gloriam nominis triumphalis. armenta gentis istius obliquis cervicibus pabulantur: nam si recta ad pastus ora dirigant, officiunt prona ad humum cornua. ex parte qua Cercina est accipimus Gauloen insulam, in qua serpens neque nascitur neque vivit invecta: praeterea iactus ex ea quocumque gentium pulvis arcet angues: scorpiones superiactus ilico perimit.
XXX. Aethiopes et gentes Atlanticae Nigri flumine dividuntur, quem partem putant Nili: sic papyro viret, sic calamo praetexitur, animalia eadem edit, iisdem temporibus exundat, intra ripas quoque tunc redit cum contentus est alveo suo Nilus. Garamantici Aethiopes matrimonia privatim nesciunt, sed omnibus in venerem vulgo licet. inde est quod filios matres tantum recognoscunt: nam paterni nominis nulla reverentia est. quis enim verum patrem noverit in hac luxuria incesti lascivientis? eapropter Garamantici Aethiopes inter omnes populos degeneres habentur: nec inmerito, quia adflicta disciplina castitatis successionis notitiam ritu improbo perdiderunt.
Nomen Aethiopum late patet. in parte Africana qua Meroen videt Libya plurimae eorum sunt et variae nationes. harum e numero Nomades cynocephalorum lacte vivunt. Serbotae longi sunt ad pedes duodecim. Azachaei captos venatibus elephantos devorant. Psambaris nulla est aurita quadrupes, nec elephanti quidem. his proximi summam regiae potestatis cani tradunt, de cuius motibus quidnam inperitet augurantur. maritimos Aethiopas quaternos oculos dicunt habere: sed fides alia est, illa denique quod et vident plurimum et manifestissime destinant iactus sagittarum. occidentem versus Agriophagi tenent, qui solas pantherarum et leonum carnes edunt, rege praediti cuius in fronte oculus unus est. sunt et Pamphagi, quibus esca est quicquid mandi potest et omnia fortuitu gignentia. sunt et Anthropophagi, quorum morem vocamen sonat. Cynomolgos aiunt habere caninos rictus et prominula ora. Artabatitae proni atque quadrupedes, nec secus ac ferae sine sedibus evagantur. confines Mauretaniae certo tempore locustas terrestres legunt duratasque salsugine in praesidium vitae solas habent: sed ex illis quadragesimum aevi annum nullus supergreditur.
Ab Oceano isto ad Meroen, quam insulam amplexu primo Nilus facit, milia passuum sunt sexcenta viginti. ultra Meroen super exortum solis Macrobii Aethiopes vocantur: dimidio enim eorum protentior est quam nostra vita. hi Macrobii iustitiam colunt, amant aequitatem, plurimum valent robore, praecipua decent pulchritudine, ornantur aere, auro vincula faciunt noxiorum. locus apud eos est Heliutrapeza opiparis epulis semper refertus, quibus indiscretim omnes vescuntur: nam etiam divinitus eas augeri ferunt. est etiam ibidem lacus, quo perfusa corpora velut oleo nitescunt. ex hoc lacu potus saluberrimus. sane adeo liquidus est, ut ne caducas quidem vehat frondes, sed ilico folia lapsa ad fundum demittat laticis tenuitate.
Ultra hos desertae et inhumanae solitudines ad usque Arabicos sinus. deinde in ultimis orientis monstruosae gentium facies. aliae sine naribus, aequali totius oris planitie, informes habent vultus. aliis concreta ora sunt: modico tantum foramine calamis avenarum pastus hauriunt. nonnullae linguis carent, in vicem sermonis utentes nutibus motibusque. quaedam ex istis nationibus ante Ptotemaeum Lathyrum regem Aegypti incognitum habuerunt ignis usum.
Aethiopia omnis ab oriente hiberno ad occidentem hibernum tenet. quicquid eius est sub meridiano cardine, lucis nitet, qui maxime virent hieme. a media parte mons editus mari inminet, ingenuo igni per aeternum fervidus et in quiete iugis flagrantibus: inter quae incendia iugis aestus draconum magna copia est. veris draconibus ora parva et ad morsus non dehiscentia et artae fistulae, per quas trahant spiritus et linguas exerant: quippe non in dentibus vim sed in caudis habent et verbere potius quam rictu nocent. exciditur e cerebris draconum dracontias lapis, sed lapis non est nisi detrahatur viventibus: nam si obeat prius serpens, cum anima simul evanescit duritie soluta. usu eius orientis reges praecipue gloriantur, quamquam nullum lenocinium artis admittat soliditate et quicquid in eo nobile est, non manus faciant nec alterius quam naturae candor sit quo reluceat. auctor Sotacus gemmam hanc etiam visam sibi scribit et quibus intercipiatur modis edocet. praestantissimi audacia viri explorant anguium foveas et receptus: inde praestolati ad pastum exeuntes praetervectique percitis cursibus, obiciunt gramina medicata quantum potest ad incitandum soporem: ita somno sopitis capita desecant et de manubiis praecipitis ausi praedam revehunt temeritatis.
Quae locorum Aethiopes tenent feris plena sunt, e quibus quam nabun vocant nos camelopardalim dicimus, collo equi similem, pedibus bubulis, capite camelino, nitore rutilo, albis maculis superspersa. animal hoc Romae circensibus dictatoris Caesaris primum publicatum. iisdem ferme temporibus illinc exhibita monstra sunt, cephos appellant, quorum posteriores pedes crure et vestigio humanos artus mentiuntur, priores hominum manus referunt: sed a nostris non amplius quam semel visa sunt. ante ludos Cn. Pompeii rhinocerotem Romana spectacula nesciebant: cui bestiae color buxeus, in naribus cornu unicum et repandum, quod subinde attritum cautibus in mucronem excitat eoque adversus elephantos proeliatur, par ipsis longitudine, brevior cruribus, naturaliter alvum petens, quam solam intellegit ictibus suis perviam.
Iuxta Nigrim fluvium catoblepas nascitur modica atque iners bestia, caput praegrave aegre ferens, aspectu pestilenti: nam qui in oculos eius offenderint, protinus vitam exuunt. formicae ibi ad formam canis maximi harenas aureas pedibus eruunt, quos leoninos habent: quas custodiunt, ne quis auferat, captantesque ad necem persequuntur. eadem Aethiopia mittit lycaonem: lupus est cervice iubatus et tot modis varius, ut nullum colorem illi dicant abesse. mittit et parandrum, boum magnitudine, bisulco vestigio, ramosis cornibus, capite cervino, ursi colore et pariter villo profundo. hunc parandrum adfirmant habitum metu vertere et cum delitescat fieri adsimilem cuicumque rei proximaverit, sive illa saxo alba sit, seu frutecto virens, sive quem alium modum praeferat. faciunt hoc idem in mari polypi, in terra chamaeleontes: sed et polypus et chamaeleon glabra sunt, ut pronius sit cutis laevitate proximantia aemulari: in hoc novum est ac singulare hirsutiam pili colorum vices facere. hinc evenit ut difficulter capi possit.
Aethiopicis lupis proprium est, quod in saliendo ita nisus habent alitis, ut non magis proficiant cursu quam meatu. homines tamen numquam impetunt. bruma comati sunt, aestate nudi: thoas vocant. hystrix quoque inde loci frequentissima, erinacii similis, spinis tergum hispida, quas plerumque laxatas iaculatione emittit voluntaria, ut assiduis aculeorum nimbis canes vulneret ingruentes. illius caeli ales est pegasus: sed haec ales equinum nihil praeter aures habet. tragopan quoque avis maior aquilis, cornibus arietinis praeferens armatum caput.
Aethiopes legunt cinnamum. id frutectum situ brevi nascitur, ramo humili et represso, numquam ultra duas ulnas altitudinis. quod gracilius provenerit eximium magis ducitur: quod in crassitudinem extuberatur despectui est. verum legitur per sacerdotes hostiis prius caesis: quae cum litaverint, observatur ut messis nec ortum solis anticipet nec egrediatur occasum. quisquis principatum tenet, sarmentorum acervos hasta dividit, quae sacrata est in hoc ministerium: atque ita portio manipulorum soli dicatur: quae si iuste divisa est, sponte incenditur.
Inter haec quae diximus nitore caerulo hyacinthus invenitur, lapis pretiosus, si quidem inculpabilis reperiatur: est enim vitiis non parce obnoxius: nam plerumque aut violaceo diluitur aut nubilo obducitur aut albicantius in aquaticum eliquescit: optimus in illo tenor, si nec densiore fuco sit obtunsior nec propensa perspicuitate detectior, sed ex utroque temperamento lucis et purpurae fucatum suaviter florem trahat. hic est qui sentit auras et cum caelo facit: nec aequaliter rutilat cum aut nubilosus est aut serenus dies. praeterea in os missus magis friget. scalpturis certe minime adcommodatus, ut qui tritum respuat, nec tamen penitus invictus: nam adamante scribitur et notatur. ubi hyacinthus, ibi et chrysoprasus apparet: quem lapidem lux celat, produnt tenebrae. haec enim est in illo diversitas, ut nocte igneus sit, die pallidus. ex ipso solo sumimus haematitem rubore sanguineo ac propterea haematitem vocatum.
XXXI. Quod ab Atlante usque Canopitanum ostium panditur, ubi Libyae finis est et Aegyptium limen, dictum a Canopo Menelai gubernatore sepulto in ea insula quae ostium Nili facit, gentes tenent dissonae, quae in aviae solitudinis secretum recesserunt. ex his Atlantes ab humano ritu prorsus exulant. nulli proprium vocabulum, nulli speciale nomen. diris solis ortus excipiunt, diris occasus prosequuntur ustique undique torrentis plagae sidere oderunt deum lucis. adfirmant eos somnia non videre et abstinere penitus ab animalibus universis. Trogodytae specus excavant, illis teguntur. nullus ibi habendi amor: a divitiis paupertate se abdicaverunt voluntaria. tantum lapide uno gloriantur, quem hexecontalithon nominamus, tam diversis notis sparsum, ut sexaginta gemmarum colores in parvo orbiculo eius deprehendantur. homines isti carnibus vivunt serpentium ignarique sermonis stridunt potius quam loquuntur. Augilae vero solos colunt inferos. feminas suas primis noctibus nuptiarum adulteriis cogunt patere, mox ad perpetuam pudicitiam legibus stringunt severissimis. Gamphasantes abstinent proeliis, fugiunt commercia, nulli se extero misceri sinunt. Blemyas credunt truncos nasci parte qua caput est, os tamen et oculos habere in pectore. Satyri de hominibus nihil aliud praeferunt quam figuram. Aegipanes hoc sunt quod pingi videmus. Himantopodes fluxis nisibus crurum serpunt potius quam incedunt et pergendi usum lapsu magis destinant quam ingressu. Pharusi cum Herculi ad Hesperidas pergenti forent comites, itineris taedio hic resederunt. hactenus Libya.
XXXII. Aegyptus ad meridiem introrsus recedit quoad praetendant Aethiopes a tergo. inferiorem eius partem Nilus circumfluit, qui scissus a loco, cui Delta nomen est, ad insulae faciem spatia amplectitur interamna et incerto paene fonte decurrens proditur ut loquemur. originem habet a monte inferioris Mauretaniae, qui Oceano propinquat. hoc adfirmant Punici libri: hoc Iubam regem accipimus tradidisse. igitur protinus lacum efficit quem Nilidem dicunt. Nilum autem iam inde esse coniciunt, quod hoc stagnum herbis piscibus belvis nihil minus procreet quam in Nilo videmus ac si quando Mauretania, unde origo eius est, aut nivibus densioribus aut imbribus largioribus inrigatur, incrementa exundationis in Aegypto augeantur. sed effusus hoc lacu harenis sorbetur et cuniculis caecis absconditur: deinde in Caesariensi specu prorumpens ampliore eadem indicia praefert quae in exortu notavimus rursusque subsidit nec se prius reddit quam post intervalla itineris extenti contingat Aethiopas, ubi exit et Nigrim facit fluvium, quem supra diximus esse terminum limitis Africani. Astapum eum indigetes vocant, scilicet aquam e tenebris profluentem.
Multas magnasque ambit insulas: quarum pleraeque sunt tam [diffusae et] vastae magnitudinis, ut vix eas dierum quinque cursu praetermeet, quamvis concitus ibi feratur. nobilissima earum est Meroe, circum quam divisus dextero alveo Astosapes, laevo Astabores nominatur. tunc quoque emensus magna longinqua, cum primum occurrentibus scopulis asperatur, tantis agminibus extollitur inter obiecta rupium, ut ruere potius quam manare credatur: demumque a cataracte ultimo tutus est: ita enim quaedam claustra eius Aegyptii nuncupant. relicto tamen hoc pone se nomine, quo Nigris vocatur, mox inoffensus meat. septem ostiis conditur, in meridiem versus excipitur Aegyptio mari.
Gnari siderum vel locorum varias de excessibus eius causas dederunt. alii adfirmant etesias nubium densitatem illo cogere, unde amnis hic auspicatur, ipsumque fontem humore superno agitatum tantam inundationis habere substantiam, quantum pabuli ad liquorem nubila subministraverint. ferunt alii, quod ventorum flatibus repercussus, cum fluorem solitae velocitatis non queat promovere, aquis in arto luctantibus intumescat: et quo inpensius controversi spiritus repugnaverint, eo excelsius sublimari in altitudinis vertices repercussam celeritatem, quando nec solitus extenuet cursus alveum et stipato iam flumine venis originalibus torrentium pondera superveniant: ita concurrente violentia hinc urgentis elementi hinc resistentis, undis exultantibus molem colligi quae excessus facit. nonnulli adfirmant fontem eius qui Phialus vocatur siderum motibus excitari extractumque radiis candentibus caelesti igne suspendi, non tamen sine certa legis disciplina, hoc est lunis coeptantibus. verum omnem abscessus originem de sole concipi primosque fieri excessus tumoris cum per cancrum sol vehatur: postmodum triginta eius partibus evolutis, ubi ingressus leonem ortus sirios excitavit, emissis omnibus cumulis totam fluctuationem erumpere. quod tempus sacerdotes natalem mundi iudicaverunt, id est inter XIII k. Aug. et XI. deinde revocare exitus universos, cum in virginem transeat, penitusque intra ripas suas capere, cum libram sit ingressus. hoc etiam addunt pariter eum nocere, sive abundantius exaestuet sive parcius: cum exiguitas minimum adportet fecunditatis, propensior copia diuturno humore culturam moretur. maximos eius exitus cubitis duodeviginti consurgere, iustissimos sedecim temperari, nec in quindecim abesse proventus fructuarios, quicquid infra sit, famem facere. dant illi etiam hoc maiestatis, ut portendat futura, quandoquidem Pharsalico bello non fuerit egressus quinque ulnas. iam illud palam est quod solus ex amnibus nullas expiret auras. dicionis Aegyptiae esse incipit a Syene, in qua fines Aethiopum, et inde usque dum mari intimatur Nili nomen tenet.
Inter omnia quae Aegyptus habet digna memoratu praecipue bovem mirantur: Apim vocant. hunc ad instar colunt numinis, insignem albae notae macula, quae dextero lateri eius ingenita corniculantis lunae refert faciem. statutum aevi spatium est, quod ut adfuit, profundo sacri fontis inmersus necatur, ne diem longius trahat quam licebit. mox alter nec sine publico luctu requiritur, quem repertum centum antistites Memphim prosequuntur, ut incipiat ibi sacris initiatus sacer fieri. delubra quibus succedit aut incubat mystice thalamos nominant. dat omina manifestantia de futuris: illud maximum, si de consulentis manu cibum capiat. denique aversatus Germanici Caesaris dexteram prodidit ingruentia, nec multo post Caesar extinctus est. pueri Apim gregatim sequuntur et repente velut lymphatici ventura praecinunt. bos illi ostenditur femina in anno semel, et ipsa non absque certis insignibus, quae atque inventa et oblata est, eadem die neci datur. Apis natalem Memphi celebrant iactu paterae aureae, quam proiciunt in Nili statum gurgitem. haec sollemnitas per septem dies agitur: quibus diebus cum sacerdotibus quasdam crocodili indutias habent nec attrectant lavantes. verum octavo die caerimoniis iam peractis, velut reddita saeviendi licentia, solitam resumunt atrocitatem.
Crocodilus malum quadrupes et in terra et in flumine pariter valet: linguam non habet: maxillam movet superiorem. morsus eius horribili tenacitate conveniunt, stipante se pectinatim serie dentium. plerumque ad viginti ulnas magnitudinis evalescit. qualia anseris edit ova. metatur locum nido naturali providentia nec alibi fetus premit quam quo crescentis Nili aquae non possint pervenire. in partu fovendo mas et femina vices servant. praeter hiatum oris armatus est etiam unguium inmanitate. noctibus in aqua degit, per diem humi adquiescit. circumdatur maxima cutis firmitate in tantum, ut ictus quovis tormento adactos tergo repercutiat. strophilos avis parvula est: ea reduvias escarum dum adfectat, os belvae huiusce paulatim scalpit et sensim scalpurrigine blandiente aditum sibi in usque fauces facit. quod ichneumon conspicatus penetrat belvam populatisque vitalibus erosa exit alvo.
Est et delphinum genus in Nilo, quorum dorsa serratas habent cristas. hi delphines crocodilos studio eliciunt ad natandum demersique astu fraudulento tenera ventrium subternatantes secant et interimunt. habitant in insula Nili homines forma perexigui, sed audacia usque eo praediti, ut crocodilis se offerant obvios: nam haec monstra fugientes insequuntur, formidant resistentes: ergo capiuntur, subactique etiam intra aquas suas serviunt et perdomiti metu ita obsequuntur, ut inmemores atrocitatis victores suos inequitantes dorso vehant. hanc ergo insulam et hanc gentem ubicumque indicio odoris persenserint, procul fugiunt. in aqua obtunsius vident, in terra acutissime. hieme nullum cibum capiunt, quin etiam quattuor menses a coeptu brumae inedia exigunt.
Scinci quoque circa Nilum frequentissimi, crocodilis quidem similes, sed forma modica et angusta, verum ad opem salute non qualibet necessarii: medentes quippe ex ipsis pocula inficiunt, quibus extinguitur vis veneni.
Hippopotamus in eodem flumine ac solo nascitur, equino et dorso et iuba et hinnitu, rostro resimo, ungulis bifidis, aprinis dentibus, cauda tortuosa. noctibus segetes depascitur, ad quas pergit aversus astu doloso, ut fallente vestigio revertenti nullae ei insidiae praeparentur. idem cum distenditur nimia satietate, harundines recens caesas petit, per quas tamdiu obversatur, quoad stirpium acuta pedes vulnerent, ut profluvio sanguinis levetur sagina: plagam deinde caeno oblinit, usquedum vulnus conducatur in cicatricem. hippopotamos et crocodilos primus Romae M. Scaurus invexit.
Circa easdem ripas ales est ibis. ea serpentium populatur ova gratissimamque ex his escam nidis suis defert: sic rarescunt proventus fetuum noxiorum. nec tamen aves istae tantum intra fines Aegyptios prosunt: nam quaecumque Arabicae paludes pennatorum anguium mittunt examina, quorum tam citum virus est, ut morsum ante mors quam dolor insequatur, sagacitate qua ad hoc valent aves excitatae in procinctum eunt universae et prius quam terminos patrios externum malum vastet, in aere occursant catervis pestilentibus: ibi agmen devorant universum: quo merito sacrae sunt et inlaesae. ore pariunt. nigras solum Pelusium mittit, reliqua pars candidas.
De arboribus quas sola fert Aegyptus praecipua est ficus Aegyptia, foliis moro comparanda, poma non ramis tantum gestitans, sed et caudice: usque adeo fecunditati suae angusta est. uno anno septies fructum sufficit: unde pomum decerpseris, alterum sine mora protuberat. materia eius in aquam missa subsidit: deinde cum diu desederit in liquore, levior facta sustollitur et versa vice, quod natura in alio ligni genere non recipit, fit humore sicca.
Palma quoque Aegyptia dicenda res est: proprie adipsos vocatur, ut dici oportet ea, quae gustata arcet sitim. odor ei idem qui et malis Cydoniis. sed demum sitim sedat, si prius quam maturuerit decerpatur: nam si matura sumatur, sensum intercipit, gressum praepedit, linguam retardat obsessisque officiis mentis et corporis ebrietatis facit vitium.
Aegyptium limitem, qua ad Diacecaumenen tendit, incolunt populi, qui momentum, quo reparari mundum ad motus ferunt annuos, hoc studio deprehendunt. eligitur sacer lucus, in quo consaeptant animalia diversissimi generis. ea, ubi ad statum modum caelestis perveniunt disciplinae, sensus suos significationibus produnt quibus possunt: alia ululant, alia mugiunt, quaedam stridunt, nonnulla simul confugiunt ad volutabra. hoc argumentum illis est magistrum ad indicium temporis deprehendendi. iidem populi ferunt a primis sibi gentis suae avis traditum, ubi nunc occasus est, quondam ibi ortus solis fuisse.
Inter Aegyptias urbes numero portarum Thebae nobiles, ad quas commercia Arabes Indique subvehunt: hinc regio Thebaica. Abydos et ipsa nobilis, olim Memnonis regia, nunc Osiris fano exculta. Alexandriam et operis ipsius magnitudo et auctor Macedo nobilitant: quam metatus Dinocrates architecton alterum a conditore in memoria locum detinet. condita autem Alexandria est duodecima centesimaque olympiade, L. Papirio Sp. f. C. Poetelio C. f. consulibus Romanis, haud longe ab ostio fluminis Nili, quod Heracleoticon alii, alii Canopicon appellant.
Est et Pharos, colonia a Caesare dictatore deducta, e qua facibus accensis nocturna dirigitur navigatio: nam Alexandria insidioso accessu aditur, fallacibus vadis, caeco mari, tribusque tantum canalibus admittit navigantes, Posideo Tegano Tauro. hinc igitur in portibus machinas ad praelucendi ministerium fabricatas pharos dicunt. pyramides turres sunt fastigatae ultra excelsitatem omnem quae fieri manu possit: itaque mensuram umbrarum egressae nullas habent umbras. nunc ab Aegypto provehamus stitum.
XXXIII. Ultra Pelusiacum ostium Arabia est, ad Rubrum pertinens mare, quod Erythraeum ab Erythra rege Persei et Andromedae filio, non solum a colore appellatum Varro dicit. qui affirmat in litore maris istius fontem esse, quem si oves biberint, mutent vellerum qualitatem, et antea candidae amittant quod fuerint usque ad haustum ac furvo postmodum nigrescant colore.
Rubri autem maris Arsinoe oppidum. verum haec Arabia procedit ad usque illam odoriferam et divitem terram, quam Catabani et Scaenitae tenent Arabes, nobiles monte Cassio: qui Scaenitae causam nominis inde ducunt, quod tentoriis succedunt nec alias domos habent: ipsa autem tentoria cilicia sunt: ita nuncupant velamenta caprarum pilis texta. praeterea suillis carnibus prorsus abstinent. sane hoc animalis genus si invectum illo fuerit, ilico moritur. hanc Arabiam Graeci Eudaemonem, nostri Beatam nominaverunt. habitatur in colle manu facto inter flumen Tigrim et flumen Eulaeum, quod ortum a Medis tam puro fluore inclitum est, ut omnes inde reges non alias quam eius aquas bibant.
Eudaemonem non frustra cognominatam hinc capessas, quod praeter odores, quos creat plurimos, sola tus mittit, nec tamen universa. nam in medio eius sunt Astramitae, pagus Sabaeorum, a quo octo mansionibus regio turifera disterminatur, Arabia appellata, id est sacra: hoc enim significari interpretantur. virgulta haec non sunt publica, sed quod inter barbaros novum, in ius posterorum per successiones transeunt familiarum. ergo quicumque dominatum istius tenent nemoris, Arabice sacri vocantur. iidem illi cum lucos istos vel metunt vel incidunt, non funeribus intersunt, non congressibus feminarum polluuntur. hanc arborem, priusquam penitus fides proderetur, alii lentisco, alii mage terebintho conparabant, usquedum libris quos Iuba rex scripsit ad Caesarem Augusti filium palam fieret intorto eam esse vimine, ramis ad aceris qualitatem, amygdalae modo sucum fundere, incidi ortu canis flagrantissimis solibus.
In iisdem saltibus myrrha provenit, cuius radices ut vitium rastris proficiunt, ablaqueationibus gaudent; nudatae pinguiori fluunt lacrima. sponte manans pretiosior ex ea sudor est: elicitus corticis vulnere vilior iudicatur. codex in vertiginem flexus et spinis hispidus: folium crispius licet olivae tamen simile: maxima extollitur ad quinque cubita proceritatis. Arabes sarmentis eius ignes fovent, quorum fumo satis noxio, nisi odore cremati storacis occurrant, plerumque insanabiles morbos contrahunt.
Apud eosdem nascitur phoenix avis, aquilae magnitudine, capite honorato in conum plumis extantibus, cristatis faucibus, circa colla fulgore aureo, postera parte purpureus absque cauda, in qua roseis pennis caeruleus interscribitur nitor. probatum est quadraginta et quingentis eum durare annis. rogos suos struit cinnamis, quos prope Panchaiam concinnat in Solis urbem, strue altaribus superposita. cum huius vita magni anni fieri conversionem rata fides est inter auctores: licet plurimi eorum non quingentis quadraginta, sed duodecim milibus nongentis quinquaginta quattuor annis constare dicant. Q. Plautio itaque et Sex. Papinio cos. Aegyptum phoenix involavit: captusque anno octingentesimo urbis conditae iussu Claudii principis in comitio publicatus est. quod gestum, praeter censuram quae manet, actis etiam urbis continetur.
Cinnamolgus perinde Arabiae avis in excellentissimis lucis texit nidos e fruticibus cinnamorum: ad quos quoniam non est pervenire propter ramorum altitudinem et fragilitatem, accolae illas congeries plumbatis petunt iaculis deiectasque pretiis vendunt amplioribus, quod hoc cinnamum magis quam alia mercatores probent.
Arabes longe lateque diffusi diversis et moribus vivunt et cultibus. plurimis crinis intonsus, mitrata capita; redimitu pari pars rasa in cutem barba. commerciis student, aliena non emunt, vendunt sua: quippe et silvis et mari divites. umbrae quae nobis dexterae sunt illis sinistrae. li pars eorum quibus asper victus est angues edunt, nulla vel animi cura vel corporis, ac propterea ophiophagi nominantur.
Ex istius litoris sinu Polycrati regi advecta sardonyx gemma prima in orbe nostro luxuriae excitavit facem. nec multum de ea disserendum puto, adeo sardonyx in omnium venit conscientiam. superficies eius probatur, si meracius rubeat: arguitur, si fuerit faeculentior: medietas circuitur limite candicante: optima est, si nec colorem suum spargat in proximum nec ipsa ex altero mutuetur: reliqua nigro finiuntur. quod si transluceat, vitio vertitur: si perspicuitatem arceat, proficit ad decorem. et molochiten Arabs invenit, virentem crassius quam smaragdus, contra infantum pericula ingenita vi resistentem. invenit et iridem in mari Rubro, sicut crystallum sexangulatam, quae radiis icta solis rutilo aeris repercussu caelestis arcus ex sese iacit speciem. androdamantem iidem legunt Arabes nitoris argentei, lateribus aequaliter quadris, quem de adamante nonnihil mutuatum putes. datum illi nomen ex eo censent, quod animorum calentium mollit impetus et tumentes refrenat iras. paederotem etiam et Arabicam inde sumimus. Arabica aspectu eburnea est, radi abnuit: contra nervorum molestias prodest habentibus. in paederote congruit quicquid eximium est quadam decoris praerogativa. crystallinum lucet, rubet purpuram, orarum extimis corona crocea velut e liquido renitente: hac suavitate oculos afficit, visum inlicit, detinet intuentes: hac etiam gratia Indis placet. hoc Arabiae sat est: ad Pelusium repatriemus.
XXXIV. A Pelusio Cassius mons est et delubrum Iovis Cassii, atque ita Ostracine locus Pompeii Magni sepulchro inclitus. Idumaea inde incipit palmis opima. deinde Ioppe oppidum antiquissimum orbe toto, utpote ante inundationem terrarum conditum. id oppidum saxum ostentat, quod vinculorum Andromedae vestigia adhuc retinet. quam expositam belvae non inritus rumor circumtulit: quippe ossa monstri illius M. Scaurus inter alia miracula in aedilitate sua Romae publicavit. annalibus nota res est: mensura quoque veracibus libris continetur, scilicet quod costarum longitudo excesserit pedes quadraginta, excelsitas fuerit elephantis Indicis eminentior: porro verticuli spinae ipsius latitudine semipedem sint supergressi.
Prepared and proof-read by John White from T.H. Mommsen’s edition, Bernolini, 1864.
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Solinus

Hypsistarians

Hypsistarians



Hypsistarians

From the Catholic Encyclopedia
Hypsistarians or worshippers of the Hypsistos, i.e. of the “Most High” God; a distinct Jewish-pagan sect which flourished from about 200 B.C. to about A.D. 400, mostly in Asia Minor (Cappadocia Bithynia, Pontus) and on the South Russian coasts of the Euxine Sea.
The names Hypsianistai, Hypsianoi first occur in Gregory of Nazianzus (Orat., xviii, 5) and the name Hypsistianoi in Gregory of Nyssa (Contra Eunom., II), i. e. about A. D. 374, but a great number of votive tablets, inscriptions, and oracles of Didymos and Klaros establish beyond doubt that the cult of the Hypsistos (Hypsistos, with the addition of Theos or Zeus or Attis, but frequently without addition) as the sole and supreme God was widespread in the countries adjacent to the Bosphorus (cf. Acts, xvi, 17, “these men are servants of the most high God” — oracle of the pythonissa at Philippi). It seems probable that the native Cappadocian cult of Zeus Sabazios was deliberately merged in the cult of Jahve Sabaoth practised by the numerous and intellectually predominant Jewish colonies, and that associations (sodalicia, thiasoi) of strict monotheists were formed, who fraternized with the Jews, but considered themselves free from the Mosaic Law. The importance and exalted ideas of these associations can be gathered from the fact that when someone asked Apollo of Klaros whether the Hypsistos alone was without beginning and end, he answered: “He is the Lord of all, self-originated, self-produced, ruling all things in some ineffable way, encompassing the heavens, spreading out the earth, riding on the waves of the sea; mixing fire with water, soil with air, and earth with fire; of winter, summer, autumn, and spring, causing the changes in their season, leading all things towards the light and settling their fate in harmonious order.” The existence of these Hypsistarians must have been partially responsible for the astounding swiftness of the spread of Christianity in Asia Minor, yet not all of them accepted the new faith, and small communities of monotheists, neither Christians nor Jews, continued to exist, especially in Cappadocia. The father of Gregory of Nazianzus belonged to such a sect in his youth, and they are described in his panegyric written by his son. They rejected idols and pagan sacrifices, and acknowledged the Creator (pantokrator) and the Most High, to whom however, in opposition to the Christians, they refused the title of “Father”; they had some superstitions in common with the Jews, their worship of fire and light, the keeping of the Sabbath, the distinctions of food, but circumcision they rejected. No doubt Persius had Hypsistarians in view when he ridiculed such hybrid religionists in Satire v, 179-184, and Tertullian seems to refer to them in “Ad nationes”, I, xiii. The statement that Hypsistarians continued to exist till the ninth century, is based on a mistaken interpretation of Nicephorus Const., “Antirhet. adv. Const. Copr.”, I, in Migne, P.G., col. 209. Hypsistarians are probably referred to under the name Coelicoloe in a decree of the Emperors Honorius and Theodosius (A.D. 408), in which their places of worship are transferred to the Catholics.
LEVI in Revue des Etudes Juives (Paris, 1898), a criticism of SCHÜRER, Die Juden im bosporan. Reiche etc. (Berlin, 1897) in Sitzungsber. d. Berlin. Acad., XIII, 200-225. See also CUMONT, Hypsistos (Brussels, 1897); DREXLER in Roscher’s Lexicon (Leipzig, 1890), s. v. Hypsistos; BURESH, Klaros (Leipzig, 1889); STOKES in Dict. Christ. Biog., s. v. Hypsistarii.

“Tin Islands”

The History of Herodotus, parallel English/Greek: Book 3: Thaleia: 110 Arimaspians


114. As one passes beyond the place of the midday, the Ethiopian land is that which extends furthest of all inhabited lands towards the sunset. This produces both gold in abundance and huge elephants and trees of all kinds growing wild and ebony, and men who are of all men the tallest, the most beautiful and the most long-lived.
114. [1] ἀποκλινομένης δὲ μεσαμβρίης παρήκει πρὸς δύνοντα ἥλιον ἡ Αἰθιοπίη χώρη ἐσχάτη τῶν οἰκεομενέων· αὕτη δὲ χρυσόν τε φέρει πολλὸν καὶ ἐλέφαντας ἀμφιλαφέας καὶ δένδρεα πάντα ἄγρια καὶ ἔβενον καὶ ἄνδρας μεγίστους καὶ καλλίστους καὶ μακροβιωτάτους. 
115. These are the extremities in Asia and in Libya; but as to the extremities of Europe towards the West, I am not able to speak with certainty: for neither do I accept the tale that there is a river called in Barbarian tongue Eridanos, flowing into the sea which lies towards the North Wind, whence it is said that amber comes; nor do I know of the real existence of “Tin Islands” from which tin comes to us: for first the name Eridanos itself declares that it is Hellenic and that it does not belong to a Barbarian speech, but was invented by some poet; and secondly I am not able to hear from any one who has been an eye-witness, though I took pains to discover this, that there is a sea on the other side of Europe. However that may be, tin and amber certainly come to us from the extremity of Europe.
115. [1] αὗται μέν νυν ἔν τε τῇ Ἀσίῃ ἐσχατιαί εἰσι καὶ ἐν τῇ Λιβύῃ. περὶ δὲ τῶν ἐν τῇ Εὐρώπῃ τῶν πρὸς ἑσπέρην ἐσχατιέων ἔχω μὲν οὐκ ἀτρεκέως λέγειν· οὔτε γὰρ ἔγωγε ἐνδέκομαι Ἠριδανὸν καλέεσθαι πρὸς βαρβάρων ποταμὸν ἐκδιδόντα ἐς θάλασσαν τὴν πρὸς βορέην ἄνεμον, ἀπ᾽ ὅτευ τὸ ἤλεκτρον φοιτᾶν λόγος ἐστί, οὔτε νήσους οἶδα Κασσιτερίδας ἐούσας, ἐκ τῶν ὁ κασσίτερος ἡμῖν φοιτᾷ. [2] τοῦτο μὲν γὰρ ὁ Ἠριδανὸς αὐτὸ κατηγορέει τὸ οὔνομα ὡς ἔστι Ἑλληνικὸν καὶ οὐ βάρβαρον, ὑπὸ ποιητέω δὲ τινὸς ποιηθέν· τοῦτο δὲ οὐδενὸς αὐτόπτεω γενομένου δύναμαι ἀκοῦσαι, τοῦτο μελετῶν, ὅκως θάλασσα ἐστὶ τὰ ἐπέκεινα Εὐρώπης. ἐξ ἐσχάτης δ᾽ ὦν ὁ κασσίτερος ἡμῖν φοιτᾷ καὶ τὸ ἤλεκτρον. 

116. Then again towards the North of Europe, there is evidently a quantity of gold by far larger than in any other land: as to how it is got, here again I am not able to say for certain, but it is said to be carried off from the griffins by Arimaspians, a one-eyed race of men. But I do not believe this tale either, that nature produces one-eyed men which in all other respects are like other men. However, it would seem that the extremities which bound the rest of the world on every side and enclose it in the midst, possess the things which by us are thought to be the most beautiful and the most rare.
The History of Herodotus, parallel English/Greek: Book 3: Thaleia: 110

Vespasian was appointed legate of Legio II Augusta,

Vespasian 



In preparation for a praetorship, Vespasian needed two periods of service in the minor magistracies, one military and the other public. Vespasian served in the military in Thrace for about 3 years. On his return to Rome in about AD 30, he obtained a post in the vigintivirate, the minor magistracies, most probably in one of the posts in charge of street cleaning.[9] His early performance was so unsuccessful that Emperor Caligula reportedly stuffed handfuls of muck down his toga to correct the uncleaned Roman streets, formally his responsibility.[7]
During the period of the ascendancy of Sejanus, there is no record of Vespasian’s significant activity in political events. After completion of a term in the vigintivirate, Vespasian was entitled to stand for election as quaestor; a senatorial office. But his lack of political or family influence meant that Vespasian served as quaestor in one of the provincial posts in Crete, rather than as assistant to important men in Rome.[9]
Next he needed to gain a praetorship, carrying the Imperium, but non-patricians and the less well-connected had to serve in at least one intermediary post as an aedile or tribune. Vespasian failed at his first attempt to gain an aedileship but was successful in his second attempt, becoming an aedile in 38. Despite his lack of significant family connections or success in office, he achieved praetorship in either 39 or 40, at the youngest age permitted (30), during a period of political upheaval in the organisation of elections. His longstanding relationship with freedwoman Antonia Caenis, confidential secretary to the Emperor’s grandmother and part of the circle of courtiers and servants around the Emperor, may have contributed to his success.[9]
Invasion of Britannia (43)[edit]
Upon the accession of Claudius as emperor in 41, Vespasian was appointed legate of Legio II Augusta, stationed in Germania, thanks to the influence of the Imperial freedman Narcissus. In 43, Vespasian and the II Augusta participated in the Roman invasion of Britain, and he distinguished himself under the overall command of Aulus Plautius. After participating in crucial early battles on the rivers Medway and Thames, he was sent to reduce the south west, penetrating through the modern counties of Hampshire, Wiltshire, Dorset, Somerset, Devon and Cornwall with the probable objectives of securing the south coast ports and harbours along with the tin mines of Cornwall and the silver and lead mines of Somerset.
Vespasian marched from Noviomagus Reginorum (Chichester) to subdue the hostile Durotriges and Dumnonii tribes,[10] captured twenty oppida (towns, or more probably hill forts, including Hod Hill and Maiden Castle in Dorset). He also invaded Vectis (now the Isle of Wight), finally setting up a fortress and legionary headquarters at Isca Dumnoniorum (Exeter). During this time he injured himself and had not fully recovered until he went to Egypt. These successes earned him triumphal regalia (ornamenta triumphalia) on his return to Rome.

T A V I S T O C K A B B E Y

History of Tavistock Abbey in Devon
Edited by David Nash Ford

T A V I S T O C K
A B B E Y
Ancient Devon Foundation

Abbey Ruins and Parish Church at Tavistock
Ordgar, Earl of Devon, is the reputed founder of this Abbey, about AD 960, and is so described by the medieval historian, William of Malmesbury. However, an extract from an old chartulary printed in the Monasticon, has a much longer tale to tell of his son, Ordulph. Going out of doors, one night, to pray, as was his custom, Ordulph saw a brilliant column of light in the sky. It moved him to great fear. Later, when he returned to bed and slept, he saw a vision of an angel, in white, who bade him search out the place where the pillar of light had stood – he would find it marked out in a square by four rods – and there build a chapel to the four Evangelists. Ordulph told his wife of the vision; but (as so often), it had to be repeated a second, and a third, time before he took any action. When he did, however, he founded, not only a chapel, but a large monastery.
In AD 981, its liberties were confirmed by Ordulph’s uncle, King Aethelred, and the names of Dunstan, Oswald and Aethelwold appear on its charter. Ordulph and his wife bestowed numerous manors on their foundation, that of Tavistock included. He was a man of enormous strength and stature. Great bones, traditionally his, are still shown in the parish church of Tavistock and William of Malmesbury has a story of Ordulph breaking down a heavily barred gate with part of the adjacent wall, apparently without effort. He is also said to have been able to and stride across a river of ten feet wide. William also tells us that the saint translated to Tavistock at this time, was a Bishop Rumon, whose written life was lost until quite recent years. Leland saw it at Tavistock and records that he came to Britain from Ireland and his bones were translated to Tavistock by Ordgar. Baring-Gould & Fisher have little doubt that he is to be identified with St. Ronan of Locronan in Brittany. He rested in a beautiful shrine in the abbey and wrought many a miracle until removed at the Reformation. 
Amongst other benefactors, King Aethelred was a considerable one to his nephew’s establishment and the institution became very wealthy and flourishing. However, in AD 997, the Danes, sailing round Land’s End, entered the mouth of the Tamar, and, proceeding a considerable distance up that river, marched to Tavistock; where, after having spoiled the monastery, they burnt it to the ground and carried off the plunder to their ships.
The Abbey was, shortly after this devastation, rebuilt and soon became more flourishing than ever, additional grants and immunities having been given by various persons. Lefing, or Living, Bishop of Worcester, is mentioned by Speed as “a special benefactor.” King Henry I granted, to the Abbot, the jurisdiction and whole hundred of Tavistock, together with the privilege of a weekly market and a fair, once a year for three days. In the succession of Abbots, several were learned men and, soon after the introduction of the art of printing into England, there was established, in the Abbey, a press from which many books were issued – only the second set up in the whole country. The best-known production is perhaps Walton’s English version of Boethius’ “Consolation of Philosophy,” printed in 1525 by Dan Thomas Rychard, a monk of the house. Such works are now extremely rare. Richard Barham, the thirty-fifth Abbot, obtained from Henry VIII, in 1513, the privilege of sitting in the House of Lords; or, in other words, became a mitred abbot. This, he probably gained by purchase, in order to be revenged upon Hugh Oldham, Bishop of Exeter, with whom he had great disputes and finally caused to be excommunicated. In 1539, John Peryn, the thirty-sixth and last Abbot, surrendered his monastery on being allowed the sum of £100 per annum for life. The abbey lands were granted, by Henry VIII, to John, Lord Russell, whose descendant, the Duke of Bedford, is now owner of its site and ruins. The revenues of the Abbey were valued at the Suppression at the yearly rent of £902 5s 7d; but it must be observed that the Abbots and Priors, foreseeing the impending storm, set the yearly rents very low and the fines very high, so that they might have sufficient support if expelled from their houses.
Of the church, William of Worcester tells us that it measured 126 of his steps and the eastern Lady Chapel 36 more. Reckoning the step at 19 inches, this works out at 2,561 feet. There were aisles, but nothing is said of transepts. It stood in the present churchyard, just south of the parish church, and the last substantial remains are said to have been pulled down about 1670.
Of the Abbey buildings Browne Willis, in the early eighteenth century, tells us something. After saying that the church has gone, he continues, “The kitchen, which was left standing of late years, though now raised to the foundation, was a large square room, open to the roof, which was composed of elegant workmanship. The chapter-house is likewise ruined. It was a pile of great beauty, built as round as can possibly be worked with a compass; and yet the dimensions thereof were large, there being thirty-six seats in the inside, wrought out in the walls, all arched overhead with curious carved stones. The Refectory with several of the offices is still standing, being of great length, breadth and height. The ‘Saxon School’ ….. is a large building, as is the area where the cloisters stood, which were 45 paces or yards in length, the east side of which opened into the chapter-house. . . . In two arches on the north side of the cloisters are one or two broken monuments, one of which, tradition says, belonged to the founder.”
Archbishop Parker, about 1574, apparently originated the myth that there was, before the Reformation, a school of Anglo-Saxons at the Abbey (he calls it a nunnery, coenobium monialium). The statement was seized upon by writer after writer and came to be a commonplace of historians. There is no foundation for it at all. The building generally, and erroneously, referred to as the ‘Saxon School’ and the Chapter House, nearby, were demolished in 1736 and a house for the Duke of Bedford’s steward built on the site. 

The standing remains consist of the north-east angle of the cloister in the churchyard (sometimes said to be a part of the north wall of the church and called ‘Ordulph’s Tomb’); two gate houses, west and east, the western one called Betty Grimbal’s tower; a fine pinnacled porch and the frater, in a much restored condition and converted into a unitarian chapel. Further south, running along the river, is a portion of the precinct walls and a tower called the Still-tower. At the northern extremity of the precinct, behind a row of houses on the east side of Market Street, is a building, in private hands, which was inside the precinct and is reputed to have been one of the monastic buildings.
Edited from John Timbs & Alexander Gunn’s “Abbeys, Castles & Ancient Halls of England & Wales” (1872) and MR James’ “Abbeys” (1925)
Britannia Abbeys and Priories: Tavistock, Devon

Roman general Vespasian captures the Dorset hill forts

c. Summer AD 44

Roman general Vespasian captures the Dorset hill forts
In the second phase of the conquest of Britain, Roman general Vespasian (Titus Flavius Vespasianus – a future emperor) led his II Augusta Legion into Dorset. He fought numerous small-scale battles and captured a string of hill forts, including Maiden Castle and Hod Hill. By 48 AD, the Romans had effectively subdued all territory south of a line from the mouth of the Humber river to the Severn Estuary.
BBC – History : British History Timeline

Brutus Greenshield

the sea which lies towards the North Wind

the sea which lies towards the North Wind,


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St. Michael

Cornish Saints and Sinners: St. Michael and the Conger


The Legend of St. Michael at St. Michael’s Mount, Cornwall
by J. Henry Harris
S T. M I C H A E L
A N D  T H E
C O N G E R
The Archangel arrives in Cornwall

There are more St. Michaels than one, but the hero of this story was the one who landed, in a fog, at the Mount later named after him. He had been heading for Penzance which used to appear on saints’ charts as the “Holy Headland”, and was a mark to steer by; but he drifted off course, and landed at the Mount. The Mount was then the marine residence of an ancient giant, well known for keeping a sharp look-out for saints through a telescope, which he stole from an unfortunate Phoenician ship laden with tin and oysters. The giant had an evil reputation, and did nothing by halves. He was asleep when St. Michael landed; and when he slept, he snored, and when he snored, the Mount shook.
The poor saint was in a terrible state, wandering about for days, reading notices which the giant had posted up warning saints not to land, unless they wished to be cooked in oil like sardines. There was nothing to be picked up in the area to eat, except seaweed and the dry bones which the giant threw away – and there wasn’t enough on the bones to support a saint after the giant had done with them. St. Michael finished off his very last drop of best Irish whisky, and sat on the empty keg. He dreamt of his own peat fire in Ballyknock, and the little alehouse where a drop was to be had for the asking. It was fear of the fierce giant above which alone kept him from singing the poem he had composed about “Home, sweet home”.
The saint was very sad and had almost given up hope of rescue, when something in the sea attracted his attention. He saw a great conger rise, tail first, and stretch itself until the tail topped the rock. Its head remained in the sea. The giant was snoring, and the Mount shook. St. Michael was top of his class at college, and could put two and two together with the help of his fingers. “A sign,” he said, putting on his sword-belt and best pair of spurs. The conger was to be his Jacob’s ladder.
So he dug his spurs well into the fish’s side, and climbed and climbed until he reached the top. There, with one mighty stroke, he cut off the giant’s head. There wasn’t much personal estate – only the telescope – and the saint took that, but he forgot to send a return to Somerset House, and pay the death duties. The conger wagged his tail, by way of saying he was tired and wanted to be off, so the saint slipped down quite easily – so easily that he hit the ground rather forcefully when he reached the bottom. To this day, those who have eyes to see, may see the mark he left behind.
Then the conger disappeared into the sea, only to return again, this time headfirst. It licked the saint’s hand, and he blessed it. There are some who say that it was a beanstalk which grew in the night for the saint to climb. Congers, however, are now very fine and large, and abundant in their season, and the white scars down their sides are the marks of the saint’s spurs which retell the story of the climb.
The giant’s blood flowed over the cliff, and a church sprung up, which St. Michael dedicated to himself. Then he went away, for the Mount was not was not inhabited in those days and there was nothing to keep him. This was the beginning of the war between the saints and giants, which continued for centuries, and might have lasted until the present day, only the saints came out on top.
Saint Michael crops up in various places, and, for convenience, I may add here what is known of him. He became the patron saint of the county after meeting with his arch-enemy, Old Nick, at Helston. There was no time to advise the newspapers, and get special correspondents on the spot, but it was reported that the battle was long and tough. The enemy carried a red-hot boulder under his arm, and hurled it at the saint; but he was out of practice, and the ball went wide. Then the saint got in with his trusty blackthorn staff, and thrashed the enemy so soundly that he couldn’t fly away fast enough for comfort. The boulder was picked up, when cool, and is still on view at the Angel Hotel.

acceptance of Christianity

Page x
The acceptance of Christianity by Wessex 18 CHAPTER III The Frontier between
Wessex and Dyvnaint The position of Dorset with regard to Dyvnaint. Extent of
the Roman Province of Dumnonia. Permanence of the name, and late use of it.

Page xi
688 to 710 a.d. The battle with Gerent of Dyvnaint. Influence of Aldhelm in
averting war. Decisive check to Welsh, and advance of Wessex frontier. Mr
Freeman’s conjectures as to results. Founding of border fortress at Taunton.
Trace of Celtic …

Page xii
Difference between wars with Dyvnaint and Welsh fighting on midland frontiers.
Slow stages of Wessex advance, and length of time required for conquest of
Dyvnaint. The result of the conversion of Wessex not altogether making for peace
.

Page xiii
The comparative readiness of Wessex owing to the war with Dyvnaint. Question
of pacts made with the invaders. Independence of the chiefs and their followers.
The lesson learnt at Wareham. Norse invaders classed with Danes by early …

Page 24
It severed the land communications between the Britons of the country north of
the Severn and those of Dyvnaint, and the campaigns against the Welsh from this
time accordingly follow two lines. At the present time, apart from possible …

Page 25
the west, or to challenge the power of Dyvnaint. The northward advance was
continued up the Severn valley in 584, Ceawlin taking many towns and much
booty, but losing his brother Cutha at the battle of Fethanleag1. With this
expedition the …

Page 27
A new stage of the advance of Wessex commences from the days of Kenwealh,
in which the kingdom of Dyvnaint comes into prominence. CHAPTER III THE
FRONTIER BETWEEN WESSEX AND DYVNAINT The territory CH. II] 27
CERDIC TO …

Page 28
CHAPTER III THE FRONTIER BETWEEN WESSEX AND DYVNAINT The territory
in which for upwards of a century after the battle of Deorham the Britons of the
south-west maintained their independence, comprised the ancient Roman …

Page 29
He was evidently quite aware that Dumnonia, or Dyvnaint, included Glastonbury
in British times. It is evident then that a great part of the modern Somerset lay in
Dumnonia. There would be no need to go further into this question but that, for
the …

Page 30
Up to the time of Alfred, at least, the ancient boundaries of Dyvnaint were of
importance, and recognised for administrative military purposes1. Asser speaks
of the ” western part of Selwood,” meaning the whole territory lying to the
westward of …

Page 31
… Elworthy, is well known. 2 ‘ ‘ Excavations in Bokerly and Wansdyke ” (Vol. Ill of
Excavations in Cranborne Chase), p. 8. easily accessible from the sea is Poole
Harbour, and it CH. lll] THE FRONTIER BETWEEN WESSEX AND DYVNAINT 3 1
.

Page 32
389. 1 Ancient Dorset, Chas. Warne, pp. 180—4; Roman Roads in Britain, T. Cod
– rington, p. 312. of the Romans1.” The discovery made by Mrs Cunnington,
already 32 THE FRONTIER BETWEEN WESSEX AND DYVNAINT [BK I.

Page 33
… that the inner entrenchment is undoubted Roman work. 2 See footnote, p. 23.
story of the siege of the ” Mons Badonicus,” wherever. Hod Hill and Lydsbury
Rings. M. 3 CH. III] THE FRONTIER BETWEEN WESSEX AND DYVNAINT 33.

Page 34
… conditions remained unaltered until a far later period, for one may date the
general commencement of modern changes to the drainage, enclosure, and
extension of cultivation of 34 THE FRONTIER BETWEEN WESSEX AND
DYVNAINT [BK …

Page 35
The Axe skirts the base of the Mendips and reaches the sea to the eastward of
Brean Down, between that promontory and Weston, and the Brue runs from
Glastonbury 3—2 CH. lll] THE FRONTIER BETWEEN WESSEX AND DYVNAINT
35.

Page 36
… slopes of the Quantock foothills is not more than three miles. From Borough
Bridge to Bridgwater on one side and the Poldens on the other the present road
through the marshes 36 THE FRONTIER BETWEEN WESSEX AND DYVNAINT [
BK …

Page 37
… so surrounded in all directions by waters that save for one bridge there was no
access to it except by boat.” Between the islands and the Polden Hills similar
conditions of CH. lll] THE FRONTIER BETWEEN WESSEX AND DYVNAINT 37.

Page 38
… of man part of Sedgmoor has been practically impassable at these periods,
and still when a heavy rainfall or melting snow increases the supply of land water
from the hills, 38 THE FRONTIER BETWEEN WESSEX AND DYVNAINT [BK I.

Page 39
… when it came into the possession of Walter de Douay at the conquest, and the
present local pronunciation ” Burge-water,” with the accent on the penultimate,
preserves this CH. lll] THE FRONTIER BETWEEN WESSEX AND DYVNAINT 39.

Page 40
… of the Poldens. The ancient trackway would follow this line, even in pre-
embankment times, across the estuarine levels. thence to the great early camp of
Danesborough, or Dows-. 40 THE FRONTIER BETWEEN WESSEX AND
DYVNAINT

Page 41
… these roads were further guarded by the Quantock camps at some point or
other of their line. 1 See pp. 108 and 110. Dorset also is traversed by a great
Roman highway, the CH. lll] THE FRONTIER BETWEEN WESSEX AND
DYVNAINT 41.

Page 42
… and upwards of two miles to the east of the Roman road, are sufficient in our
view to put any such theory out of court. was even more numerous. Every hillside
bears the scars of 42 THE FRONTIER BETWEEN WESSEX AND DYVNAINT [BK
I.

Page 43
The kingdom of Dyvnaint still occupied an important position two hundred years
later than Cerdic, although after the battle of Deorham it had been cut off from
communication by land with the Welsh kingdoms beyond the Severn. In spite of
this …

Page 44
CHAPTER IV THE WARS OF KENWEALH (643—672 a.D.) It is doubtful whether
the frontier between Wessex and Dyvnaint changed materially during the seventy
-five years which followed the battle of Deorham, though in the long peace it is …

Page 59
40, 41, entered Saxon territory from Dyvnaint. The exact date of the grants made
by Kentwine himself is not given, but, as we have no reason to believe that the
Wessex frontier was advanced across the Parrett until after the defeat of the
Welsh, …

Page 63
At the same time the abbey was given possessions which covered the main
routes of pilgrimage from the West to the Holy Island, at points where they passed
from the kingdom of Dyvnaint into Wessex. Cruca covered the landing-place at …

Page 65
His power was fully recognised by the Saxons, and there had been, previous to
the outbreak of the war, some 1 Dyvnaint, the remains of the old Roman province
of Dumnonia, at this time included Devon and Cornwall, and also all Somerset …

Page 66
The only evidence of the success of Wessex is in the founding of Taunton in
advance of the frontier won by Kentwine. It is certain that Wessex made another
step westward, but how far is not evident. At the same time the power of Dyvnaint
was …

Page 70
… as must previously have been the case with the frontier marches between the
Parrett and the Quantocks. This royal domain would therefore form an
administrative province of its own, cut off from Dyvnaint, yet not 70 THE WARS OF
INE [BK I.

Page 71
province of its own, cut off from Dyvnaint, yet not incorporated in Wessex proper.
This gives an explanation of an expression which occurs in the Chronicle under
the year 876, when we are told that the brother of Ingwar and Healfdene came to

Page 74
Beyond it there is no sharp, defensible line of country in any way comparable to
the physical boundaries which marked the first stages of the conquest of Dyvnaint
. The Saxons had reached the wild approaches to the great moorlands of …

Page 75
CHAPTER VII THE FINAL STAGES OF THE CONQUEST OF DYVNAINT (7IO —
822 A.D.) Five years after the defeat of Gerent there was war with Mercia, the
reason of its outbreak not being evident, though as Ine met Ceolred at the old …

Page 77
… Saxonica, by J. W. Collen. Unfortunately Mr Collen does not give his authorities
, an omission which seriously impairs the value of his work. Cynewulf seemed to
give him his chance of escape, if CH. VII] 77 THE CONQUEST OF DYVNAINT.

Page 79
During this period of Mercian overlordship and intrigue it is not possible that any
westward advance on Dyvnaint can have been made. As we have pointed out, it
is far more likely that an actual loss of territory gained by Kentwine and Ine took …

Page 80
It would be a fair deduction from the bringing up of a Saxon within the lands of the
hated British Church that the parents of the saint were fugitives who had sought
shelter from the raids of Ceadwalla with the prince of Dyvnaint; but it is far more …

Page 81
… Journal of the Arch. Institute. 2 Cf. the contemporary Scandinavian settlements
in S. Wales and N. Somerset, Book 11, chap. II. of conquest. Possibly Beorhtric’s
attitude was influenced by that of M. 6 CH. VII] THE CONQUEST OF DYVNAINT
8l.

Page 82
of conquest. Possibly Beorhtric’s attitude was influenced by that of his father-in-
law, but it is almost a commonplace to say that Wessex trouble with Mercia was
the opportunity of Dyvnaint, and the close alliance that now existed between the …

Page 83
The known close alliance of these newcomers with the Welsh of Cornwall
seriously retarded the pacification of the far west, and enabled Cornwall, the last
cantle of Dyvnaint, to retain some sort of independence for nearly a century after
Devon …

Page 85
We can therefore only claim for the central or Blackdown section of the boundary
between Wessex and Dyvnaint that it represents Gerent’s frontier. His wars with
Ine settled some sort of “march” between the two kingdoms, but the sharp line …

Page 87
In the case of the other kingdoms there was nothing quite like the long struggle in
which, by slow degrees, the old British kingdom of Dyvnaint was conquered, and
absorbed into the kingdom of Wessex. The Welsh states which they had to …

Page 88
powerful and less able to offer a sustained resistance to encroachment than
Dyvnaint, and their internal jealousies rendered it impossible for them to act in
concert. From the first, Dyvnaint suffered from no disunion, and was slowly forced
into …

Page 89
thought of aggrandizement by the Danish peril at the end of the ninth century,
and consider the conquest of Dyvnaint as ending with the battle of Gafulford in
822, when Ecgberht completed the conquest of Devon, and may have
established …

Page 90
their holy spot. On the other hand, the fact that Glastonbury had passed into
Saxon power must have had its full influence in the prosecution of the war by
Dyvnaint, so long as that ancient kingdom retained its independence. It is hardly

Page 91
fought, and Taunton was built. Then Wessex strove with Mercia, and Dyvnaint
was at rest for forty years, unless she regained some of her lost ground. Probably
that was the case, for with the end of the Mercian trouble in 753, Cuthred of …

Page 102
In the eighth and ninth centuries the ” Danes ” appear as the allies of Dyvnaint.
The Britons of the west knew them as friends from the first, and looked to them for
help as the growing power of Wessex pressed on Devon and Cornwall.

Page 103
Up this valley was practically the only road from the Severn sea into Dyvnaint,
and the haven of Watchet must always have been of some importance, the close
connection between the British kingdoms on either side of the Severn sea being

Page 104
The sharp racial definition implied by the name renders it almost certain that here
at Williton was the guarded point at which the British traders from Dyvnaint met
the outland seafaring merchants from the haven which they occupied.

Page 105
A haven at Combwich therefore had the same advantage of direct routes to
Wessex as that at Watchet possessed with regard to Dyvnaint. Combwich was
superseded, probably after the foundation of Taunton and the consequent
diversion of …

Page 113
… Park could have originated and taken firm root there after the conquest of the
district by Christian Wessex is impossible. A pre-conquest settlement of heathen
Saxons in what was then independent Dyvnaint is for political and other reasons

Page 118
Against such trained forces England had no men available except in Wessex,
where the long wars with Dyvnaint had kept alive the knowledge of the value of
discipline ; had produced a line of veterans who knew the leaders of their
counties …

Page 123
It is noticeable that they seem to have left Dyvnaint unharried still. By this time the
Danes were active in the eastern counties, where the first landing had been
made in 838, fifty years after the first attack on the west. In that year and the next
the …

Page 135
… to him afresh and heartily, winning a battle on the old frontier line of Dyvnaint at
Penselwood, and passing forward to fight the drawn battle of Sceorstan, followed
by the disastrous defeat at Assandun, again due to Edric Streone’s treachery, …

Page 137
… the last unconquered kingdom left in England, an attempt foiled when within an
ace of succeeding by the king’s determined resistance and his rally of the
Wessex levies for another fight in the ancient cock-pit of the war with Dyvnaint.

Page 143
… objected to. considered Exeter as in Dyvnaint, and outside Alfred’s dominions,
for CH. I] THE TAKING OF WAREHAM AND EXETER 143.

Page 144
considered Exeter as in Dyvnaint, and outside Alfred’s dominions, for the
purposes of a wartime arrangement. However that may have been, in that fortress
they were blockaded by Alfred, until, some time in 877, the fleet from Wareham, …

Page 222
Anton or Test, Valley of the, 9 ; advance up, 20 Appledore, 126, 180, 185
Armorica, relations with Dyvnaint, Arthur, British account of his warfare with
Cerdic, 2 ; victor at Mons Badoni- cus, 20; gave Brent and Polden to Glastonbury,
52 and …

Page 223
… accounts of the Saxon conquest, t, 2 ; Roman organisation of, 4, s ; in alliance
with Saxons, 24 ; of Armorica and South Wales, relations with Dyvnaint, 43 ;
driven ” to the sea,” 53 ; probable explanation of the phrase, 63 Brittany, 129
Brogger, …

Page 224
… 204, 205, 206 Chochilaicus, 96 Christiania, 107 Christianity, Wessex accepts,
26, 45, 50, 216, 218; effect of, on struggle between Wessex and Dyvnaint, 89, 90 ;
and heathen traditions in West Somerset, 113, 114; acceptance of, by Guthrum, …

Page 226
… near Andover, 10 Devizes, 134 Devon (see also Dyvnaint), extent of, in former
times, 29-31; “in Wessex,” meaning of, 30, 71, 82, 146, 153, 182, 185, 186 and
footnote; Roman roads to, 42 ; boundary between, and Somerset, 66-71, 185,
186; …

Page 227
Durleigh, 57 Durston, 57 Dyvnaint, Welsh of, severed from the North Welsh, 24 ;
position in the time of Kenwealh, 27, 43 ; developed out of Dumnonia, 28 ; extent
of, 28-3 1 ; frontiers of, 44, 52, 66-71, 136, 137, 154 ; pilgrim routes into Wessex …

Page 228
… 146 Gautelf, River, blocked by Harald Fair- hair, 17 footnote Geoffrey of
Monmouth, on Gormund and Africans from Ireland, 99 Gerent, King of Dyvnaint,
80, 85; his leading position, 65, 66 ; Ine’s war with, 65-71, 77, 90; position after it,
74. 75.

Page 232
… early English coins in, 119 footnote; conversion of, 131; falls under Denmark,
Norwich, 133 Nunna, King of the South Saxons, helps Ine against Dyvnaint, 65,
66, 76; his death, 76 Nydam boat described, 3 Nyland Hill, see Andreyseye
Oakley …

Page 234
… 88, 181, 194, 218; character of coast-line of, 35, 185 ; position of Old Burrow
Camp overlooking, 69 ; prevailing winds of, ioi, 183 ; trade routes from, into
Dyvnaint, 102-105, into Wessex, 102, 105 ; Danish fleets in, 120, 123 and
footnote, 125, …

Page 235
… 187 Somerset, North, physical features of, 3J, 37; Danish settlements in, Book
11, Chap, ii, 120 Somerset, West, partly included in Dumnonia (Dyvnaint), 29 ; a
battle ground between Wessex and Dyvnaint, 34 ; royal domain in, 70 ; dialect of,

Page 236
… regained by Wessex, 65 ; won by Ecgberht, 82 Sussex, 134, 209, 210; won by
Wulfhere from Wessex, 48 ; regained by Wessex, 65 ; helps Ine against Dyvnaint,
66 ; Ealdbriht the exile connected with, 75- 78 ; connection with Taunton, 76-78 …

Page 237
Walpole in Pawlett (Wallepille), 203 ; Domesday record of, 57 Wansdyke, 44, 141
, 168; eastern termination of, 9; as to date and name, 23 footnote; frontier
between Wessex and Dyvnaint, 24, 34 Wantage (Waneting), bequeathed by King
Alfred …

The acceptance of Christianity by Wessex

Page x
The acceptance of Christianity by Wessex 18 CHAPTER III The Frontier between
Wessex and Dyvnaint The position of Dorset with regard to Dyvnaint. Extent of
the Roman Province of Dumnonia. Permanence of the name, and late use of it.

Page xi
688 to 710 a.d. The battle with Gerent of Dyvnaint. Influence of Aldhelm in
averting war. Decisive check to Welsh, and advance of Wessex frontier. Mr
Freeman's conjectures as to results. Founding of border fortress at Taunton.
Trace of Celtic ...

Page xii
Difference between wars with Dyvnaint and Welsh fighting on midland frontiers.
Slow stages of Wessex advance, and length of time required for conquest of
Dyvnaint. The result of the conversion of Wessex not altogether making for peace
.

Page xiii
The comparative readiness of Wessex owing to the war with Dyvnaint. Question
of pacts made with the invaders. Independence of the chiefs and their followers.
The lesson learnt at Wareham. Norse invaders classed with Danes by early ...

Page 24
It severed the land communications between the Britons of the country north of
the Severn and those of Dyvnaint, and the campaigns against the Welsh from this
time accordingly follow two lines. At the present time, apart from possible ...

Page 25
the west, or to challenge the power of Dyvnaint. The northward advance was
continued up the Severn valley in 584, Ceawlin taking many towns and much
booty, but losing his brother Cutha at the battle of Fethanleag1. With this
expedition the ...

Page 27
A new stage of the advance of Wessex commences from the days of Kenwealh,
in which the kingdom of Dyvnaint comes into prominence. CHAPTER III THE
FRONTIER BETWEEN WESSEX AND DYVNAINT The territory CH. II] 27
CERDIC TO ...

Page 28
CHAPTER III THE FRONTIER BETWEEN WESSEX AND DYVNAINT The territory
in which for upwards of a century after the battle of Deorham the Britons of the
south-west maintained their independence, comprised the ancient Roman ...

Page 29
He was evidently quite aware that Dumnonia, or Dyvnaint, included Glastonbury
in British times. It is evident then that a great part of the modern Somerset lay in
Dumnonia. There would be no need to go further into this question but that, for
the ...

Page 30
Up to the time of Alfred, at least, the ancient boundaries of Dyvnaint were of
importance, and recognised for administrative military purposes1. Asser speaks
of the " western part of Selwood," meaning the whole territory lying to the
westward of ...

Page 31
... Elworthy, is well known. 2 ' ' Excavations in Bokerly and Wansdyke " (Vol. Ill of
Excavations in Cranborne Chase), p. 8. easily accessible from the sea is Poole
Harbour, and it CH. lll] THE FRONTIER BETWEEN WESSEX AND DYVNAINT 3 1
.

Page 32
389. 1 Ancient Dorset, Chas. Warne, pp. 180—4; Roman Roads in Britain, T. Cod
- rington, p. 312. of the Romans1." The discovery made by Mrs Cunnington,
already 32 THE FRONTIER BETWEEN WESSEX AND DYVNAINT [BK I.

Page 33
... that the inner entrenchment is undoubted Roman work. 2 See footnote, p. 23.
story of the siege of the " Mons Badonicus," wherever. Hod Hill and Lydsbury
Rings. M. 3 CH. III] THE FRONTIER BETWEEN WESSEX AND DYVNAINT 33.

Page 34
... conditions remained unaltered until a far later period, for one may date the
general commencement of modern changes to the drainage, enclosure, and
extension of cultivation of 34 THE FRONTIER BETWEEN WESSEX AND
DYVNAINT [BK ...

Page 35
The Axe skirts the base of the Mendips and reaches the sea to the eastward of
Brean Down, between that promontory and Weston, and the Brue runs from
Glastonbury 3—2 CH. lll] THE FRONTIER BETWEEN WESSEX AND DYVNAINT
35.

Page 36
... slopes of the Quantock foothills is not more than three miles. From Borough
Bridge to Bridgwater on one side and the Poldens on the other the present road
through the marshes 36 THE FRONTIER BETWEEN WESSEX AND DYVNAINT [
BK ...

Page 37
... so surrounded in all directions by waters that save for one bridge there was no
access to it except by boat." Between the islands and the Polden Hills similar
conditions of CH. lll] THE FRONTIER BETWEEN WESSEX AND DYVNAINT 37.

Page 38
... of man part of Sedgmoor has been practically impassable at these periods,
and still when a heavy rainfall or melting snow increases the supply of land water
from the hills, 38 THE FRONTIER BETWEEN WESSEX AND DYVNAINT [BK I.

Page 39
... when it came into the possession of Walter de Douay at the conquest, and the
present local pronunciation " Burge-water," with the accent on the penultimate,
preserves this CH. lll] THE FRONTIER BETWEEN WESSEX AND DYVNAINT 39.

Page 40
... of the Poldens. The ancient trackway would follow this line, even in pre-
embankment times, across the estuarine levels. thence to the great early camp of
Danesborough, or Dows-. 40 THE FRONTIER BETWEEN WESSEX AND
DYVNAINT ...

Page 41
... these roads were further guarded by the Quantock camps at some point or
other of their line. 1 See pp. 108 and 110. Dorset also is traversed by a great
Roman highway, the CH. lll] THE FRONTIER BETWEEN WESSEX AND
DYVNAINT 41.

Page 42
... and upwards of two miles to the east of the Roman road, are sufficient in our
view to put any such theory out of court. was even more numerous. Every hillside
bears the scars of 42 THE FRONTIER BETWEEN WESSEX AND DYVNAINT [BK
I.

Page 43
The kingdom of Dyvnaint still occupied an important position two hundred years
later than Cerdic, although after the battle of Deorham it had been cut off from
communication by land with the Welsh kingdoms beyond the Severn. In spite of
this ...

Page 44
CHAPTER IV THE WARS OF KENWEALH (643—672 a.D.) It is doubtful whether
the frontier between Wessex and Dyvnaint changed materially during the seventy
-five years which followed the battle of Deorham, though in the long peace it is ...

Page 59
40, 41, entered Saxon territory from Dyvnaint. The exact date of the grants made
by Kentwine himself is not given, but, as we have no reason to believe that the
Wessex frontier was advanced across the Parrett until after the defeat of the
Welsh, ...

Page 63
At the same time the abbey was given possessions which covered the main
routes of pilgrimage from the West to the Holy Island, at points where they passed
from the kingdom of Dyvnaint into Wessex. Cruca covered the landing-place at ...

Page 65
His power was fully recognised by the Saxons, and there had been, previous to
the outbreak of the war, some 1 Dyvnaint, the remains of the old Roman province
of Dumnonia, at this time included Devon and Cornwall, and also all Somerset ...

Page 66
The only evidence of the success of Wessex is in the founding of Taunton in
advance of the frontier won by Kentwine. It is certain that Wessex made another
step westward, but how far is not evident. At the same time the power of Dyvnaint
was ...

Page 70
... as must previously have been the case with the frontier marches between the
Parrett and the Quantocks. This royal domain would therefore form an
administrative province of its own, cut off from Dyvnaint, yet not 70 THE WARS OF
INE [BK I.

Page 71
province of its own, cut off from Dyvnaint, yet not incorporated in Wessex proper.
This gives an explanation of an expression which occurs in the Chronicle under
the year 876, when we are told that the brother of Ingwar and Healfdene came to
...

Page 74
Beyond it there is no sharp, defensible line of country in any way comparable to
the physical boundaries which marked the first stages of the conquest of Dyvnaint
. The Saxons had reached the wild approaches to the great moorlands of ...

Page 75
CHAPTER VII THE FINAL STAGES OF THE CONQUEST OF DYVNAINT (7IO —
822 A.D.) Five years after the defeat of Gerent there was war with Mercia, the
reason of its outbreak not being evident, though as Ine met Ceolred at the old ...

Page 77
... Saxonica, by J. W. Collen. Unfortunately Mr Collen does not give his authorities
, an omission which seriously impairs the value of his work. Cynewulf seemed to
give him his chance of escape, if CH. VII] 77 THE CONQUEST OF DYVNAINT.

Page 79
During this period of Mercian overlordship and intrigue it is not possible that any
westward advance on Dyvnaint can have been made. As we have pointed out, it
is far more likely that an actual loss of territory gained by Kentwine and Ine took ...

Page 80
It would be a fair deduction from the bringing up of a Saxon within the lands of the
hated British Church that the parents of the saint were fugitives who had sought
shelter from the raids of Ceadwalla with the prince of Dyvnaint; but it is far more ...

Page 81
... Journal of the Arch. Institute. 2 Cf. the contemporary Scandinavian settlements
in S. Wales and N. Somerset, Book 11, chap. II. of conquest. Possibly Beorhtric's
attitude was influenced by that of M. 6 CH. VII] THE CONQUEST OF DYVNAINT
8l.

Page 82
of conquest. Possibly Beorhtric's attitude was influenced by that of his father-in-
law, but it is almost a commonplace to say that Wessex trouble with Mercia was
the opportunity of Dyvnaint, and the close alliance that now existed between the ...

Page 83
The known close alliance of these newcomers with the Welsh of Cornwall
seriously retarded the pacification of the far west, and enabled Cornwall, the last
cantle of Dyvnaint, to retain some sort of independence for nearly a century after
Devon ...

Page 85
We can therefore only claim for the central or Blackdown section of the boundary
between Wessex and Dyvnaint that it represents Gerent's frontier. His wars with
Ine settled some sort of "march" between the two kingdoms, but the sharp line ...

Page 87
In the case of the other kingdoms there was nothing quite like the long struggle in
which, by slow degrees, the old British kingdom of Dyvnaint was conquered, and
absorbed into the kingdom of Wessex. The Welsh states which they had to ...

Page 88
powerful and less able to offer a sustained resistance to encroachment than
Dyvnaint, and their internal jealousies rendered it impossible for them to act in
concert. From the first, Dyvnaint suffered from no disunion, and was slowly forced
into ...

Page 89
thought of aggrandizement by the Danish peril at the end of the ninth century,
and consider the conquest of Dyvnaint as ending with the battle of Gafulford in
822, when Ecgberht completed the conquest of Devon, and may have
established ...

Page 90
their holy spot. On the other hand, the fact that Glastonbury had passed into
Saxon power must have had its full influence in the prosecution of the war by
Dyvnaint, so long as that ancient kingdom retained its independence. It is hardly
...

Page 91
fought, and Taunton was built. Then Wessex strove with Mercia, and Dyvnaint
was at rest for forty years, unless she regained some of her lost ground. Probably
that was the case, for with the end of the Mercian trouble in 753, Cuthred of ...

Page 102
In the eighth and ninth centuries the " Danes " appear as the allies of Dyvnaint.
The Britons of the west knew them as friends from the first, and looked to them for
help as the growing power of Wessex pressed on Devon and Cornwall.

Page 103
Up this valley was practically the only road from the Severn sea into Dyvnaint,
and the haven of Watchet must always have been of some importance, the close
connection between the British kingdoms on either side of the Severn sea being
...

Page 104
The sharp racial definition implied by the name renders it almost certain that here
at Williton was the guarded point at which the British traders from Dyvnaint met
the outland seafaring merchants from the haven which they occupied.

Page 105
A haven at Combwich therefore had the same advantage of direct routes to
Wessex as that at Watchet possessed with regard to Dyvnaint. Combwich was
superseded, probably after the foundation of Taunton and the consequent
diversion of ...

Page 113
... Park could have originated and taken firm root there after the conquest of the
district by Christian Wessex is impossible. A pre-conquest settlement of heathen
Saxons in what was then independent Dyvnaint is for political and other reasons
...

Page 118
Against such trained forces England had no men available except in Wessex,
where the long wars with Dyvnaint had kept alive the knowledge of the value of
discipline ; had produced a line of veterans who knew the leaders of their
counties ...

Page 123
It is noticeable that they seem to have left Dyvnaint unharried still. By this time the
Danes were active in the eastern counties, where the first landing had been
made in 838, fifty years after the first attack on the west. In that year and the next
the ...

Page 135
... to him afresh and heartily, winning a battle on the old frontier line of Dyvnaint at
Penselwood, and passing forward to fight the drawn battle of Sceorstan, followed
by the disastrous defeat at Assandun, again due to Edric Streone's treachery, ...

Page 137
... the last unconquered kingdom left in England, an attempt foiled when within an
ace of succeeding by the king's determined resistance and his rally of the
Wessex levies for another fight in the ancient cock-pit of the war with Dyvnaint.

Page 143
... objected to. considered Exeter as in Dyvnaint, and outside Alfred's dominions,
for CH. I] THE TAKING OF WAREHAM AND EXETER 143.

Page 144
considered Exeter as in Dyvnaint, and outside Alfred's dominions, for the
purposes of a wartime arrangement. However that may have been, in that fortress
they were blockaded by Alfred, until, some time in 877, the fleet from Wareham, ...

Page 222
Anton or Test, Valley of the, 9 ; advance up, 20 Appledore, 126, 180, 185
Armorica, relations with Dyvnaint, Arthur, British account of his warfare with
Cerdic, 2 ; victor at Mons Badoni- cus, 20; gave Brent and Polden to Glastonbury,
52 and ...

Page 223
... accounts of the Saxon conquest, t, 2 ; Roman organisation of, 4, s ; in alliance
with Saxons, 24 ; of Armorica and South Wales, relations with Dyvnaint, 43 ;
driven " to the sea," 53 ; probable explanation of the phrase, 63 Brittany, 129
Brogger, ...

Page 224
... 204, 205, 206 Chochilaicus, 96 Christiania, 107 Christianity, Wessex accepts,
26, 45, 50, 216, 218; effect of, on struggle between Wessex and Dyvnaint, 89, 90 ;
and heathen traditions in West Somerset, 113, 114; acceptance of, by Guthrum, ...

Page 226
... near Andover, 10 Devizes, 134 Devon (see also Dyvnaint), extent of, in former
times, 29-31; "in Wessex," meaning of, 30, 71, 82, 146, 153, 182, 185, 186 and
footnote; Roman roads to, 42 ; boundary between, and Somerset, 66-71, 185,
186; ...

Page 227
Durleigh, 57 Durston, 57 Dyvnaint, Welsh of, severed from the North Welsh, 24 ;
position in the time of Kenwealh, 27, 43 ; developed out of Dumnonia, 28 ; extent
of, 28-3 1 ; frontiers of, 44, 52, 66-71, 136, 137, 154 ; pilgrim routes into Wessex ...

Page 228
... 146 Gautelf, River, blocked by Harald Fair- hair, 17 footnote Geoffrey of
Monmouth, on Gormund and Africans from Ireland, 99 Gerent, King of Dyvnaint,
80, 85; his leading position, 65, 66 ; Ine's war with, 65-71, 77, 90; position after it,
74. 75.

Page 232
... early English coins in, 119 footnote; conversion of, 131; falls under Denmark,
Norwich, 133 Nunna, King of the South Saxons, helps Ine against Dyvnaint, 65,
66, 76; his death, 76 Nydam boat described, 3 Nyland Hill, see Andreyseye
Oakley ...

Page 234
... 88, 181, 194, 218; character of coast-line of, 35, 185 ; position of Old Burrow
Camp overlooking, 69 ; prevailing winds of, ioi, 183 ; trade routes from, into
Dyvnaint, 102-105, into Wessex, 102, 105 ; Danish fleets in, 120, 123 and
footnote, 125, ...

Page 235
... 187 Somerset, North, physical features of, 3J, 37; Danish settlements in, Book
11, Chap, ii, 120 Somerset, West, partly included in Dumnonia (Dyvnaint), 29 ; a
battle ground between Wessex and Dyvnaint, 34 ; royal domain in, 70 ; dialect of,
...

Page 236
... regained by Wessex, 65 ; won by Ecgberht, 82 Sussex, 134, 209, 210; won by
Wulfhere from Wessex, 48 ; regained by Wessex, 65 ; helps Ine against Dyvnaint,
66 ; Ealdbriht the exile connected with, 75- 78 ; connection with Taunton, 76-78 ...

Page 237
Walpole in Pawlett (Wallepille), 203 ; Domesday record of, 57 Wansdyke, 44, 141
, 168; eastern termination of, 9; as to date and name, 23 footnote; frontier
between Wessex and Dyvnaint, 24, 34 Wantage (Waneting), bequeathed by King
Alfred ...




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Page 30
Up to the time of Alfred, at least, the ancient boundaries of Dyvnaint were of
importance, and recognised for administrative military purposes1. Asser speaks
of the " western part of Selwood," meaning the whole territory lying to the
westward of ...

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Page 33
... that the inner entrenchment is undoubted Roman work. 2 See footnote, p. 23.
story of the siege of the " Mons Badonicus," wherever. Hod Hill and Lydsbury
Rings. M. 3 CH. III] THE FRONTIER BETWEEN WESSEX AND DYVNAINT 33.

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