THE TOWER OF THE WHITE CHEVALIER.

THE TOWER OF THE WHITE CHEVALIER.

 “ Come on! Who cares for ghost or devil 1 ’’ There was a rush into the room, then a cry from those nearest the door. “ Take care ! The floor ! ” But it was too late. The loosened boards gave way, and down went a dozen men, Michaud among them, through a yawning gulf clear to the ground-floor.
“ Back ! back ! The tower is falling ! ” was the

cry, while the shrieks of the men below added to the confusion. The tower was at once deserted, %nd we presently heard sounds which told us that flie fallen men were being rescued from amid the ruins of the floor.
“ To the cellars ! ” cried now the voice of Pierre Le Febre. “ Let us taste the old chevalier’s wine and brandy.”
“ Good, Pierre 1 ” said Andrew. “ Once let them get among the casks and bottles and we are safe.
But it is time we were stirring. Aunt, can you walk ? ”
“ Oh, yes 1 I can do anything you wish,” answered my mother in the same calm way. She seemed to have all her wits about her, but she did not speak unless we spoke to her.
“ Come, then,” and he opened the door of the secret passage into which pussy led the way, majestically waving his tail and looking back as if to say, “Come on, and fear nothing! You are under my protection.” I went first, after I had lighted the lantern, then came my mother, and lastly Andrew.
We had just reached the level of the chapel, and were about passing the door which led into it, when Blanchon, the cat, stopped, growling fiercely. In another moment a light shone through the opened door; the next Blanchon sprang forward with his wild, unearthly yell of onset, and flung himself into the face of a man who had just put his head through the opening. There was a scream of quite another character, and the man fled stumbling and falling on his way out, while Blanchon came back to us with the loud purr which was his way of expressing complacency.
“Good cat,” said Andrew. “That man won’t find his way back in a hurry, but someone else may. Hold up the light, Vevette.”
I held up the light while Andrew pulled to the door, and with a stone smashed the spring lock.
“ Nobody will open that, even if anyone dares try,” said he. “Now for all the haste we can make.”
I caught up Blanchon and carried him, to which he made no objection. We were soon in the open air, and walking quickly down the course of the stream which had scooped out the valley, we found ourselves in the little hamlet.
It seemed to be deserted. Not a man was to be seen, nor a light save in Isabeau’s cottage. The night had grown wild and stormy, but it was not very dark, and we could see the mast of the boat, which lay at the end of the little pier.
“Now if Pierre has been true,” said Andrew, and at that moment we heard his voice.
“Monsieur and madame, is that you! All is ready; but we shall have a wild night.”
“Never mind, so long as the wind is fair,” returned Andrew in the same whisper. “ I would

THE TOWER OF THE WHITE CHEVALIER.THE TOWER OF THE WHITE CHEVALIER.

20

whom my father had saved only to be murdered by him. “ Come on! Who cares for ghost or devil 1 ’’ There was a rush into the room, then a cry from those nearest the door. “ Take care ! The floor ! ” But it was too late. The loosened boards gave way, and down went a dozen men, Michaud among them, through a yawning gulf clear to the ground-floor.
“ Back ! back ! The tower is falling ! ” was the

cry, while the shrieks of the men below added to the confusion. The tower was at once deserted, %nd we presently heard sounds which told us that flie fallen men were being rescued from amid the ruins of the floor.
“ To the cellars ! ” cried now the voice of Pierre Le Febre. “ Let us taste the old chevalier’s wine and brandy.”
“ Good, Pierre 1 ” said Andrew. “ Once let them get among the casks and bottles and we are safe.
But it is time we were stirring. Aunt, can you walk ? ”
“ Oh, yes 1 I can do anything you wish,” answered my mother in the same calm way. She seemed to have all her wits about her, but she did not speak unless we spoke to her.
“ Come, then,” and he opened the door of the secret passage into which pussy led the way, majestically waving his tail and looking back as if to say, “Come on, and fear nothing! You are under my protection.” I went first, after I had lighted the lantern, then came my mother, and lastly Andrew.
We had just reached the level of the chapel, and were about passing the door which led into it, when Blanchon, the cat, stopped, growling fiercely. In another moment a light shone through the opened door; the next Blanchon sprang forward with his wild, unearthly yell of onset, and flung himself into the face of a man who had just put his head through the opening. There was a scream of quite another character, and the man fled stumbling and falling on his way out, while Blanchon came back to us with the loud purr which was his way of expressing complacency.
“Good cat,” said Andrew. “That man won’t find his way back in a hurry, but someone else may. Hold up the light, Vevette.”
I held up the light while Andrew pulled to the door, and with a stone smashed the spring lock.
“ Nobody will open that, even if anyone dares try,” said he. “Now for all the haste we can make.”
I caught up Blanchon and carried him, to which he made no objection. We were soon in the open air, and walking quickly down the course of the stream which had scooped out the valley, we found ourselves in the little hamlet.
It seemed to be deserted. Not a man was to be seen, nor a light save in Isabeau’s cottage. The night had grown wild and stormy, but it was not very dark, and we could see the mast of the boat, which lay at the end of the little pier.
“Now if Pierre has been true,” said Andrew, and at that moment we heard his voice.
“Monsieur and madame, is that you! All is ready; but we shall have a wild night.”
“Never mind, so long as the wind is fair,” returned Andrew in the same whisper. “ I would

20

whom my father had saved only to be murdered by him. “ Come on! Who cares for ghost or devil 1 ’’ There was a rush into the room, then a cry from those nearest the door. “ Take care ! The floor ! ” But it was too late. The loosened boards gave way, and down went a dozen men, Michaud among them, through a yawning gulf clear to the ground-floor.
“ Back ! back ! The tower is falling ! ” was the

cry, while the shrieks of the men below added to the confusion. The tower was at once deserted, %nd we presently heard sounds which told us that flie fallen men were being rescued from amid the ruins of the floor.
“ To the cellars ! ” cried now the voice of Pierre Le Febre. “ Let us taste the old chevalier’s wine and brandy.”
“ Good, Pierre 1 ” said Andrew. “ Once let them get among the casks and bottles and we are safe.
But it is time we were stirring. Aunt, can you walk ? ”
“ Oh, yes 1 I can do anything you wish,” answered my mother in the same calm way. She seemed to have all her wits about her, but she did not speak unless we spoke to her.
“ Come, then,” and he opened the door of the secret passage into which pussy led the way, majestically waving his tail and looking back as if to say, “Come on, and fear nothing! You are under my protection.” I went first, after I had lighted the lantern, then came my mother, and lastly Andrew.
We had just reached the level of the chapel, and were about passing the door which led into it, when Blanchon, the cat, stopped, growling fiercely. In another moment a light shone through the opened door; the next Blanchon sprang forward with his wild, unearthly yell of onset, and flung himself into the face of a man who had just put his head through the opening. There was a scream of quite another character, and the man fled stumbling and falling on his way out, while Blanchon came back to us with the loud purr which was his way of expressing complacency.
“Good cat,” said Andrew. “That man won’t find his way back in a hurry, but someone else may. Hold up the light, Vevette.”
I held up the light while Andrew pulled to the door, and with a stone smashed the spring lock.
“ Nobody will open that, even if anyone dares try,” said he. “Now for all the haste we can make.”
I caught up Blanchon and carried him, to which he made no objection. We were soon in the open air, and walking quickly down the course of the stream which had scooped out the valley, we found ourselves in the little hamlet.
It seemed to be deserted. Not a man was to be seen, nor a light save in Isabeau’s cottage. The night had grown wild and stormy, but it was not very dark, and we could see the mast of the boat, which lay at the end of the little pier.
“Now if Pierre has been true,” said Andrew, and at that moment we heard his voice.
“Monsieur and madame, is that you! All is ready; but we shall have a wild night.”
“Never mind, so long as the wind is fair,” returned Andrew in the same whisper. “ I would

Godrich. the Earl (Duke/King) of Cornwall

1. The British nobles in an attempt to prevent the total dissolution of the state and to end the
   civil war. gathered in an assembly and agreed on a compromise whereby Godrich. the Earl
   (Duke/King) of Cornwall, would reign as regent and hold the Kingdom of Britain in trust for the
   English heiress. Goldborough. the daughter of the late Anglican heir, Cymen. and his wife. Adela.
   the Saxon heiress, only child and daughter of England’s first Bretwalda. Aella of Sussex Thus,
   preserving the fiction of centralized rule which was accepted only because the alternative was
   unthinkable
2. 
   
3. . Prince-Regent. Earl (Duke/King) of Cornwall, reigned
   as regent of Britain in the absence of a national-kmg during the interregnum that followed the
   murder of the boy-king, Huai, and his mother. Queen Lonle (Lenore, Lunette] There were civil
   wars throughout Britain dunng his regency The episode of Havelock “The Dane* takes place
   dunng the regency of Earl Godrich
   X. CADROD (CATRAUT), the Arthunan heir, established his headquarters at a
   castle (site unsure] called “CALCHVYNYDD” (‘hill of chalk or lime”], which name came to be his
   epithet, somewhere in the Bntish midlands between the Thames and the Trent rivers. He fights
   the Cerdicite heir Cynnc “of Wessex”
   X. CYNRIC (CUNORIX). the Cerdicite heir, the other claimant to the Bntish
   throne, held sway south of the Thames in Wessex with his headquarters at Winchester
   One of the surviving ex-tnumvirs. Riwal of Dumnoma (Devonshire), meanwhile, was
   expelled from Bntam by Caradoc ‘Strong-Arm”. Count of the Saxon Shore, in another
   regional-war. and fled to Armohca (Bnttany] where he established himself at St. Bneoc. circa 552
   Riwal was killed fighting Cynvawr II of Cornwall, circa 555. and his widow married King Cynvawr
   Prmce ludwal of Domnonee (son of Riwal. the ex-thumvir] fled his murderous step-father
   (Cynvawr II of ComwaH-Brittany] and found refuge at the court of King Childebert I of France
   (534-558), in 558. Prince ludwal of Domnonee retook his throne Cynvawr II withdrew back to
   Cornwall, area 558, and. circa 560. was murdered along with his wife (name] and son (St.
   Tremeur] St Brieoc is attacked by King Childebert of France, and King Canao II leads the
   resistance
   Meantime, the civil war between the House of Arthur and the House of Cerdic continued
   to rage Cynnc repulsed Cadrod’s offensive at Old Sarum (Salisbury] in 552. and slew him in battle
   at Bart>ury Castle, near Swindon. Wiltshire, in 556 King Erp (Urban) of Gwent was killed in the
   battle (fighting for the Arthurian heir]; and his kingdom was divided in halves, called Gwent and
   Ergyng Cadrod ‘Calchvynydd” was survived by seven sons and three daughters His eldest son.
   Cyndywyn. was murdered following his fathers death in battle Another son. Cyndeym “Wledic*.
   rallied his father s old supporters and earned on the struggle He slew Cynrtc in battle in 560 and
   set himself up as an anti-king although technically the throne was vacant while the country was
   governed by Godhch. the Earl of Cornwall, who officially reigned as regent of Bntain in the
   absence of a legitimate ‘national” king Cynric was survived by three sons Coelm (Ceawim).
   Cutha. and Cwichelm. of whom the eldest Ceawlin (Coelin) succeeded to the Wessex kingdom
   The name Ceawlin (Coelin) is Celtic, but the names of his brothers, possibly half-brothers, have a
   Saxon favor to them Their mother may have been a Saxon princess; or perhaps by this time the
   influence of Saxon culture was beginning to show itself in the Wessex royal house
   560-565 9. HAVELOK ‘THE DANE”, barbarian-king. not usually numbered in the
   regnal-lists. however, remembered in tradition, legend, and folklore, reigned for three years as
   King of Bntain. or England. 560-562 The legend of Havelock “The Dane’ begins when he was a
   boy and tells us that a fisherman was ordered by Denmark’s usurper-kmg to murder the true heir
   to the Danish throne. Havelock, then a youth about age eleven, but instead the fisherman allowed
   the young pnnce to escape to England Later, when Havelock had come of age. he found
   employment with an English ealdorman He soon became famous for his prowess at sports, and 

The Cataclysm That Erased History 12,000 Years Ago

The Cataclysm That Erased History 12,000 Years Ago | Beyond Science

The Younger Dryas stadial, also referred to as the Big Freeze, was a geologically brief (1,300 ± 70 years) period of cold climatic conditions and drought which occurred between approximately 12,800 and 11,500 years BP. The Younger Dryas stadial is thought to have been caused by the collapse of the North American ice sheets, although rival theories have been proposed

The Younger Dryas impact event is a contested hypothesis that an air burst from a purported comet above or even into the Laurentide Ice Sheet north of the Great Lakes set all of the North American continent ablaze around 12,900 years ago. The hypothesis attempts to explain the extinction of many of the large animals in North America and the unproven population decreases in the North American stone age Clovis culture about at the end of the Pleistocene epoch. Proponents claim the existence of a charred carbon-rich layer of soil found at some 50 Clovis-age sites across the continent. It has been criticized for not being consistent with paleoindian population estimates.
Impact specialists have studied the claim and concluded that there never was such an impact, in particular because various physical signs of such an impact cannot be found. Evidence supporting the theory however has been further suggested by the 2012 paper presented to the PNAS (T.E. Bunch et al.) which looked at apparent high temperature impact melt products found in multiple sites of the ‘black mat’ across three continents dating to 12 900 years ago, This is further indicated by the discovery (Kurbatov et al. 2010) of the presence of a rich layer of nanodiamonds in the Greenland ice sheet coinciding with this date
The Younger Dryas stadial, also referred to as the Big Freeze, was a geologically brief (1,300 ± 70 years) period of cold climatic conditions and drought which occurred between approximately 12,800 and 11,500 years BP. The Younger Dryas stadial is thought to have been caused by the collapse of the North American ice sheets, although rival theories have been proposed.
http://khemitology.com/
The Younger Dryas impact event is a contested hypothesis that an air burst from a purported comet

The Cataclysm That Erased History 12,000 Years Ago | Beyond Science

Royal stars

– Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Royal Stars and History[edit]

The four stars with their modern and ancient Persian names were:

• Aldebaran (Tascheter) – vernal equinox (Watcher of the East)
• Regulus (Venant) – summer solstice (Watcher of the North)
• Antares (Satevis) – autumnal equinox
• Fomalhaut (Haftorang/Hastorang) – winter solstice (Watcher of the South)

The four dominant stars have an apparent magnitude of 1.5 or less.^[4] The reason why they are called “Royal” is that they appear to stand aside from the other stars in the sky. The four stars, Aldebaran, Regulus, Antares, Fomalhaut, are the brightest stars in their constellations, as well as being part of the twenty five brightest stars in the sky, and were considered the four guardians of the heavens.^[3] They marked the seasonal changes of the year and marked the equinoxes and solstices. Aldebaran watched the Eastern sky and was the dominant star in the Taurus constellation, Regulus watched the North and was the dominant star in the Leo constellation, Antares watched the West and was the alpha star in Scorpio, and Fomalhaut watched the Southern sky and was the brightest star in Piscis Austrinus (sharing the same longitude with the star Sadalmelik which is the predominant star in Aquarius). Aldebaran marked the vernal equinox and Antares marked the autumnal equinox, while Regulus marked the Summer Solstice and Fomalhaut the Winter Solstice. While watching the sky, the dominant star would appear in its season, each having a time of the year when most noticeable. Regulus was seen as the main star because it was in the constellation of Leo, giving it the power of the lion, signifying the strength of kings with large implications.^[5]
The constellations of the Royal Stars were said to be fixed because their positions were close to the four fixed points of the sun’s path.^[5] The sun was then surrounded by four bright stars at the beginning of every season.^[6] From this observation individuals began to denote them the Royal Stars.^[6]
By 700 BCE the Nineveh and Assyrians had essentially mapped the ecliptic cycle because of the four stars and were in result able to map the constellations, distinguishing them from the planets and the fixed stars.^[5] From this, in 747 BCE the Babylonian King Nabu-nasir adopted a calendar derived from information based on the four stars, one following an eight-year cycle and one a nineteen-year cycle (later adopting the nineteen-year calendar as standard).^[7]
The Royal Stars were used primarily for navigation.They were also believed to govern events in the world. Major disasters, breakthroughs, and historical phenomenons were seen as caused by the stars and their alignment in the sky during the time in which the event occurred.^[5] When the stars were aligned accordingly, favourable conditions followed, and when they were negatively aligned, disaster was predicted. Because Regulus was the most influential of the Royal Stars, events that took place while Regulus was in dominance were amplified and grave, foreshadowing destruction.

Royal stars – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

MYSTERY OF STONEHENGE AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH TIME

GROUP 8-POWER
for over 400,000 years. With the knowledge they amassed concerning the sun’s apparent path through the heavens, they worked back and verified, to within a few
and the period that elapsed before they were included in the modern method of measuring time is a piece of striking evidence in support of the claims of the

THE MYSTERY OF STONEHENGE AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH TIME This picture-diagram shows how the sun’s rays fell on the sacrificial stone at Stonehenge on midsummer morn 4000 years ago and in the beginning of the twentieth century. Sir Norman Lockyer roughly calculated that Stonehenge was erected 1700 years B.C., by calculating the divergence of the sun’s rays from the centre line through the Friar’s Heel Stone and the axis of the temple, the sun having shifted his apparent position, due to the tilting of the earth, which is known tq^be 48 seconds of an arc every century.
Babylonian star-gazers. There is even years, the solar position, such as would be
some truth in their contention that their indicated on a sun-dial.
astronomical calculations extended back The invention of a proper sun-dial was
37²¹
D 66
E

List of brightest stars –

Below are listed the 93 brightest individual stars in order of their average apparent magnitudes.
For comparison, the non-stellar objects in our Solar System with maximum visible magnitudes below +2.50 are the Moon (−12.92), Venus (−4.89), Jupiter (−2.94), Mars (−2.91), Mercury (−2.45), and Saturn (−0.49).
An exact order of the visual brightness of stars is not perfectly defined for the following reasons:

• The brightnesses of all stars were traditionally based on the apparent visual magnitude as perceived by the human eye, from the brightest stars of 1st magnitude to the faintest at 6th magnitude. The invention of the telescope and the discovery of double or binary stars meant that star brightness could be individual (separate) or total (combined).
• More and more accurate instrumental photometry differentiated stellar magnitudes, often changing the order of lists of brighter stars.
• Stellar magnitude is sometimes listed by the apparent brightness of stars as seen to the naked eye as if they were single stars, as it is here. Other examples include Norton’s Star Atlas 18th Edition pg. 136.^[2]
• Other stellar magnitude lists report individual stars, differentiating those in binary stars or double star systems. Often, the differences apply to the ten or hundred brightest stars. For example, the total or combined magnitude of Capella is 0.08, while Capella A and B have magnitudes of 0.76 and 0.91.
• A third kind includes the Sun as first in the magnitude listings, making Sirius 2nd, Canopus 3rd, etc. Some, like this list, place the Sun at zero, as it is not a nighttime star.
• There are sometimes small statistical variations in measured magnitudes; however, for most of the brightest stars, accurate photometry means brightness stays unchanged. These particular stars are sometimes called standard stars, which appear in the Catalogues of Fundamental Stars like the FK4, FK5 or FK6.
• Some stars, like Betelgeuse and Antares, are variable stars, changing their magnitude over days, months or years. (In the table, these are indicated with var.)

V Mag.
(m)
Bayer designation
Proper name
Distance (ly)
Spectral class
SIMBAD
0
0.000−26.74
(Sun)
0.000 016
G2 V
1
0.001−1.46
α CMa
Sirius
0008.6
A1 V
Sirius A
2
0.003−0.72
α Car
Canopus
0310
F0 Ia
Canopus
3
0.004−0.27
α Cen AB (α^1,2 Cen)
Rigil Kent, Toliman^{[3][note 1]}
0004.4
G2 V/K1 V
Alpha Centauri
4
0.005−0.04 var
α Boo
Arcturus
0037
K1.5 III
Arcturus
5
0.03
α Lyr
Vega
0025
A0 V
Vega
6
0.08
α Aur
Capella
0042
G8 III, G1 III
Capella A
7
0.12
β Ori
Rigel
0860
B8 Iab
Rigel
8
0.34
α CMi
Procyon
0011
F5 IV-V
Procyon
9
0.42 var
α Ori
Betelgeuse
0640 ^[4]
M2 Iab
Betelgeuse
10
0.50
α Eri
Achernar
0140
B3 Vpe
Achernar
11
0.60
β Cen
Agena, Hadar
0350
B1 III
Hadar (Agena)
12
0.77
α Aql
Altair
0017
A7 V
Altair
13
0.77
α Cru
Acrux
0320
B1 V
Acrux A
14
0.85 var
α Tau
Aldebaran
0065
K5 III
Aldebaran
15
1.04
α Vir
Spica
0260
B1 III-IV, B2 V
Spica
16
1.09 var
α Sco
Antares
0600
M1.5 Iab-b
Antares
17
1.15
β Gem
Pollux
0034
K0 IIIb
Pollux
18
1.16
α PsA
Fomalhaut
0025
A3 V
Fomalhaut
19
1.25
α Cyg
Deneb
2,600
A2 Ia
Deneb
20
1.30
β Cru
Mimosa, Becrux^{[note 1]}
0350
B0.5 IV
Mimosa
21
1.35
α Leo
Regulus
0077
B7 V
Regulus
22
1.51
ε CMa
Adara
0430
B2 Iab
Adara
23
1.58
α Gem
Castor
0052
A1 V, A2 Vm
Castor
24
1.62
λ Sco
Shaula
0700
B1.5-2 IV+
Shaula
25
1.63
γ Cru
Gacrux
0088
M4III
Gacrux
26
1.64
γ Ori
Bellatrix
0240
B2 III
Bellatrix
27
1.68
β Tau
El Nath
0130
B7 III
El Nath
28
1.68
β Car
Miaplacidus
0110
A2 IV
Miaplacidus
29
1.70
ε Ori
Alnilam
1,300
B0 Iab
Alnilam
30
1.70
ζ Ori A
Alnitak
0820
O9 Iab
Alnitak A
31
1.74
α Gru
Alnair
0100
B7 IV
Al Na’ir
32
1.76
ε UMa
Alioth
0081
A0pCr
Alioth
33
1.78
γ² Vel
Suhail, Regor
0840
WC8 + O7.5e
Gamma² Velorum
34
1.79
α UMa
Dubhe
0120
K0 III, F0 V
Dubhe
35
1.80
ε Sgr
Kaus Australis
0140
B9.5 III
Kaus Australis
36
1.82
α Per
Mirfak
0590
F5 Ib
Mirfak
37
1.84
δ CMa
Wezen
1,800
F8 Ia
Wezen
38
1.85
η UMa
Benetnasch, Alkaid
0100
B3 V
Benetnasch (Alkaid)
39
1.86
θ Sco
Sargas
0270
F1 II
Sargas
40
1.86
ε Car
Avior
0630
K3 III, B2 Vp
Avior
41
1.90
γ Gem
Alhena
0100
A0 IV
Alhena
42
1.91
α Pav
Peacock
0180
B2 IV
Peacock
43
1.92
α TrA
Atria
0420
K2 IIb-IIIa
Atria
44
1.96
δ Vel
Koo She
0080
A1 V, F2-F5
Delta Velorum
45
1.97 var
α UMi
Polaris
0430
F7 Ib-II
Polaris
46
1.98
β CMa
Mirzam
0500
B1 II-III
Murzim
47
1.98
α Hya
Alphard
0180
K3 II-III
Alphard
48
2.00
α Ari
Hamal
0066
K2IIICa-1
Hamal
49
2.01
γ¹ Leo
Algieba
0130
K0 IIIb, G7 IIICN
Algieba
50
2.04
β Cet
Deneb Kaitos, Diphda
0096
K0 III
Deneb Kaitos
51
2.05
κ Ori
Saiph
0720
B0.5Iavar
Saiph
52
2.06
σ Sgr
Nunki, Sadira
0220
B2.5 V
Nunki
53
2.06
θ Cen
Menkent
0061
K0IIIb
Menkent
54
2.06
α And
Alpheratz, Sirrah
0097
B8IV
Alpheratz
55
2.06
β And
Mirach
0200
M0III
Mirach
56
2.08
β UMi
Kochab
0130
K4 III
Kochab
57
2.10
α Oph
Rasalhague
0047
A5V
Ras Alhague
58
2.12 var
β Per
Algol
0093
B8V
Algol
59
2.13
β Gru
–
0170
M5 III
Beta Gruis
60
2.14
β Leo
Denebola
0036
A3 V
Denebola
61
2.15
γ And
Almach
0350
K3IIb, B9.5V
Almach
62
2.17
γ Cen
Muhlifain
0130
A1IV, (A0III/A0III)
Muhlifain
64
2.21
ζ Pup
Naos, Suhail Hadar
1,400
O5 Ia
Zeta Puppis
65
2.21
α CrB
Alphecca, Gemma
0075
A0V, G5V
Alphecca
66
2.23
λ Vel
Suhail
0570
K4.5 Ib-II
Lambda Velorum
67
2.23
γ Dra
Eltanin
0150
K5 III
Etamin
68
2.23
ζ¹ UMa
Mizar
0078
A2 V
Mizar A
69
2.23
δ Ori
Mintaka
0900
O9.5 II, B0.5III
Mintaka
70
2.24
γ Cyg
Sadr
1,500
F8 Ib
Sadr
71
2.25
α Cas
Schedar
0230
K0 IIIa
Schedar
72
2.25
ι Car
Aspidiske, Turais
0690
A8 Ib
Aspidiske
73
2.27
β Cas
Caph
0054
F2 III-IV
Caph
74
2.27
ε Cen
–
0380
B1III
Epsilon Centauri
75
2.28
α Lup
Men, Kakkab
0550
B1.5 II
Alpha Lupi
76
2.29
δ Sco
Dschubba
0400
B0.2 IV
Dschubba
77
2.29
ε Sco
Wei
0065
K2 IIIb
Wei
78
2.32
η Cen
Marfikent
0310
B1.5Vne
Eta Centauri
79
2.35
β UMa
Merak
0079
A1V
Merak
80
2.37
α Phe
Ankaa, Nair al Zaurak
0077
K0 III
Ankaa
81
2.38
κ Sco
Girtab
0460
B1.5 III
Girtab
82
2.39
γ Cas
Tsih, Navi
0610
B0.5 IVe
Gamma Cassiopeiae
83
2.39
ε Boo
Izar
0202
A0
Izar
84
2.40
ε Peg
Enif
0670
K2 Ib
Enif
85
2.40
η CMa
Aludra
2,000^[5]
B5 Ia
Aludra
86
2.42
β Peg
Scheat
0200
M2.3 II-III
Scheat
87
2.43
γ UMa
Phecda
0084
A0Ve SB
Phecda
88
2.43
η Oph
Sabik
0049
A1 V, A3 V
Sabik
89
2.44
α Cep
Alderamin
0049
A7 IV
Alderamin
90
2.46
κ Vel
Markeb
0540
B2 IV-V
Kappa Velorum
91
2.49
α Peg
Markab
0140
B9 III
Markab
92
2.50
ε Cyg
Gienah
0072
K0 II
Gienah
93
2.50
β Sco
Acrab
0404
B1V+B2V
Acrab

List of brightest stars – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Aldebaran –

Physical properties[edit]

Size comparison between Aldebaran and the Sun.
Aldebaran is classified as a type K5III star. It is an orange giant star that has moved off the main sequence line of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram. It has exhausted the hydrogen fuel in its core leading to core compression from gravity and helium fusion ignition through the triple-alpha fusion process.^[9] Hydrogen fusion is now occurring in a shell around the helium core. The helium flash ignition expanded the star to a diameter of 44.2 times the diameter of the Sun,^[4][10] approximately 61 million kilometres (see 10 gigametres for similar sizes). The Hipparcos satellite has measured it as 65.1 light years (20.0 pc) away, and it shines with 425 times the Sun’s luminosity.^[3]
Aldebaran is a slightly variable star, of the slow irregular variable type LB. It varies by about 0.2 in apparent magnitude from 0.75 to 0.95.^[2] With a near-infrared J band magnitude of -2.1,^[1] only Betelgeuse (-2.9), R Doradus (-2.6), and Arcturus (-2.2) are brighter.

Visibility[edit]

Aldebaran is one of the easiest stars to find in the night sky, partly due to its brightness and partly due to its spatial relation to one of the more noticeable asterisms in the sky. If one follows the three stars of Orion‘s belt from left to right (in the Northern Hemisphere) or right to left (in the Southern), the first bright star found by continuing that line is Aldebaran.
Since the star is located (by chance) in the line of sight between the Earth and the Hyades, it has the appearance of being the brightest member of the more scattered Hyades open star cluster that makes up the bull’s-head-shaped asterism; however, the star cluster is actually more than twice as far away, at about 150 light years.

In this predawn occultation, Aldebaran has just reappeared on the dark limb of the waning crescent Moon (July 1997 still frame captured from video).
Aldebaran is close enough to the ecliptic to be occulted by the Moon. Such occultations occur when the Moon’s ascending node is near the autumnal equinox. This event will next occur around 2015. A reasonably accurate estimate for the diameter of Aldebaran was obtained during the September 22, 1978 occultation.^[11] Aldebaran is in conjunction with the Sun around June 1 of each year.^[

Aldebaran – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia