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The Dobunni were one of the Celtic tribes living in the British Isles prior to the Roman invasion of Britain. There are seven known references to the tribe in Roman histories and inscriptions.^[1][2] The latter part of the name possibly derives from Bune, a cup or vessel. The name seems to have had a similar meaning to the later tribal name Hwicce; both being related to the recognisable cult of a Romano-British goddess.^[3]
Various historians and archaeologists have examined the Dobunni, including Stephen J. Yeates in his book The Tribe of Witches (2008).

Contents [hide] 1 Territory 2 Iron Age period 3 Roman period 4 Sub-Roman period 5 Coinage 6 See also 7 References 8 External links

[edit] Territory

The tribe lived in the part of southwestern Britain that today broadly coincides with the English counties of North Somerset, Bristol, and Gloucestershire; although at times their territory may have extended into parts of what are now Herefordshire, Oxfordshire, Wiltshire, Worcestershire, and Warwickshire.^[4][5] Their capital acquired the Roman name of Corinium Dobunnorum, which is today known as Cirencester.
Their Territory was bordered by the Cornovii and Corieltauvi to the North; the Catuvellauni to the East; the Atrebates and Belgae to the South; and the Silures and Ordovices to the West. Some of these suggestions are, however, speculative.
There is evidence for a cult associated with the tribe in the Romano-British period; the evidence being coterminous with the tribe's territory. Sculpture has been found at: Gloucester, Cirencester, Nettleton, Bath, Wellow, and Aldsworth.^[6]

[edit] Iron Age period

The Dobunni were a large group of farmers and craftsmen, living in small villages concentrated in fertile valleys. A major study of the Iron Age material was carried out by Tom Moore.^[7]
Remnants of several fortified camps, otherwise known as hillforts, thought to have been occupied by the Dobunni can be seen in the Bristol area at Maes Knoll, Clifton Down, Burwalls and Stokeleigh - all overlooking the Avon Gorge - and at Kingsweston Down and Blaise Castle.
In the late Iron Age period, southern Britain saw the development of sites generally referred to as oppida (towns). An example of such a site has been recognised for some time at Bagendon, near Cirencester.^[8] It has now been realised that the Bagendon site was not as important as first thought, as other extensive sites are now known to have existed at places such as Salmonsbury.^[9]

[edit] Roman period

Dio Cassius referred to the tribe as "Bodunni", probably a misspelling of the Dobunni. Tributary to the Catuvellauni, they capitulated to the invading Romans when Caratacus and Togodumnus withdrew.^[10]
Unlike the Silures, their neighbours in what later became south east Wales, they were not a warlike people and submitted to the Romans even before they reached their lands. Afterwards they readily adopted the Romano-British lifestyle.
Even though the Dobunni were incorporated into the Roman Empire in AD 43, their territory was probably not formed into Roman political units until AD 96-98. The tribal territory was divided into a civitas centred on Cirencester, and the Colonia at Gloucester. The Colonia was established during the reign of the emperor Nerva (AD 96-98).^[11]
At the beginning of the 4th century, Britain was reorganised into, initially, four and then five provinces. The Dobunnic territory lay in the province of Britannia Prima, as described in an inscription found at the base of a Jupiter column.^[12] The area remained a Roman Civitas until approximately 409.
The Dobunnic territory contained two large towns (Corinium Dobunnorum now Cirencester, and Colonia Nerviana Glevum now Gloucester). Besides this there were numerous smaller towns, and many rich villas.
A study of the religion of the Dobunni has shown that there was a focus on the worship of the natural world It is possible to identify deities associated with the landscape; for example: Cuda, a mother goddess associated with the Cotswold Hills, and its rivers and springs, and Sulis Minerva at Bath. Other cults were defined by social action, such as mining, for example at Lydney Park, and hunting, for example at Pagan's Hill near Chew Stoke.^[13]

[edit] Sub-Roman period

After the collapse of the Roman Provincial Government, the core of this area retained territorial identity until the Battle of Deorham in 577, (now largely regarded as a dubious event ^[14]) when the Saxons made advances as far as the River Severn. These gains were reversed 50 years later when Penda of Mercia fought the West Saxons at the Battle of Cirencester, and the area came under the influence of Mercia as the sub-kingdom of the Hwicce. It has been suggested that the area retained a distinct identity as a Christian sub-kingdom, instead of being simply absorbed into Pagan Mercia, as a reward for an alliance against the West Saxons; and that this is evidence of a cultural continuity between the Dobunni Civitas and the Hwicce Kingdom.^[15]

In Devon, England , Warhorse

In Devon, England,

 Albert Narracott admires a young thoroughbred foal. Much to his mother Rose's dismay, Albert's father, Ted, buys the colt at auction, though he was intending to buy a plough horse for his farm. The purchase is also to spite his landlord, Lyons, who tried to outbid him for the colt. Albert names the horse Joey and devotes much time to training him. Albert's best friend, Andrew Easton, watches as Albert teaches his colt many things, such as to come when he whistles.
Ted, who has a bad leg and is an alcoholic, has fallen behind on the rent. He promises to pay Lyons after the family sells its turnip crop. Rose shows Albert his father's medals from the Second Boer War in South Africa, where Ted served with the Imperial Yeomanry. Ted was severely wounded in action, and received the Distinguished Conduct Medal for bravery under fire. She gives Albert his father's regimental pennant, telling Albert that his father was not proud about what he did during the war, and that he had thrown the flag and medals away, though Rose saved and kept them hidden. Albert trains Joey for the plough and, to his neighbours' astonishment, prepares a stony hillside field to plant with turnips. But a rainstorm destroys the turnip field and, to pay the overdue rent (and without telling Albert), Ted sells Joey to Captain Nicholls as World War I breaks out. When Albert finds out, Nicholls promises him he will take care of Joey and hopefully return him after the war. Albert tries to enlist in the army, but is too young. Before the captain leaves with Joey, Albert ties his father's pennant to Joey's bridle.
Joey is trained for military operations and deployed to France with Captain Nicholls. In France, Captain Nicholls is killed in a cavalry charge, and the Germans capture the horses. Joey becomes attached to Topthorn, a larger black horse he had military training with. The two horses are used to pull an ambulance wagon driven by two German soldiers, Gunther, and his 14-year-old brother, Michael. Gunther gives the pennant to Michael when he is assigned to the German front, but then steals the horses so he and his brother can ride them back to Germany. One night, German soldiers discover the absent without leave brothers hiding in a windmill and execute them by firing squad for desertion.
A young French girl named Emilie finds the two horses inside the windmill. Emilie, who suffers from an unspecified illness, lives with her grandfather, who owns the property. Later, German soldiers arrive and confiscate all food and supplies from the property. Emilie's grandfather allows her to ride Joey on her birthday, but when the German soldiers return, they take the horses, though the grandfather keeps the pennant.
The story shifts to Albert, who has now enlisted and is fighting alongside Andrew in the Second Battle of the Somme in 1918, under the command of Lyons's son, David. After a British charge into no-man's land, Albert, Andrew, and other British soldiers miraculously make it across into a deserted German trench, where gas bombs explode, filling the trench with white fumes.
Joey and Topthorn are now being used to pull German heavy artillery, causing Topthorn to die from exhaustion. Joey escapes and runs into no-man's land where he gets entangled in barbed wire. Both British and German soldiers spot Joey and try to coax him to their respective sides. A British Geordie soldier named Colin, waving a white flag, arrives at Joey's side. A German soldier named Peter from Düsseldorf also comes over with wire cutters, and together they free Joey from the barbed wire. They flip a coin to decide where Joey goes; Colin wins and takes Joey back to the British camp.
Andrew died in the gas attack, but Albert survived, though he is temporarily blinded, with bandages covering his eyes. He is recuperating at a British medical camp when the Geordie soldier brings Joey into the medical camp looking for a veterinary surgeon. Meanwhile, Albert is told about the miracle horse back from no-man's land. The army doctor instructs Sgt. Fry to put Joey down due to his injuries, but when Fry is about to shoot, a soft whistle catches Joey's attention. Albert is led through the crowd to Joey, again whistling, while Joey comes over to Albert.
Albert says that he raised Joey, and gives the exact description of his horse markings, confirming his claim. The war ends and Albert's eyesight is restored, but only officers' horses will be shipped home. Joey and the others are to be auctioned off to the highest bidder. The soldiers gather funds to buy Joey for Albert, but during a bidding war with a French butcher reaching 30 pounds, an older gentleman suddenly arrives and bids 100 pounds, winning Joey. The man is Emilie's grandfather. It is implied that Emilie has died, and after hearing about the miracle horse, her grandfather walked three days to get Joey back for the sake of Emilie's memory.
Albert pleads with Emilie's grandfather for the horse to no avail, but before leaving, the grandfather pulls out the pennant and asks if it means anything to Albert. On being told it belonged to Albert's father, the grandfather has a change of heart, and gives Albert the flag and Joey, saying it is what Emilie would have wanted. In the end, Albert rides Joey back to his family's farm and returns the pennant to his father